Download complete project material on Determination Of Heavy Metals In Water From Selected Boreholes from chapter one to five
ABSTRACT
PASS 2024 UTME WITHOUT STRESS:- 👉 DOWNLOAD and PRACTICE with 2023 UTME CBT APP 📱👈
CLICK to DOWNLOAD NOW.:- 👉 PASS Your POST UTME by Downloading Your School's Post UTME Past Questions and Answers 📱👈
Borehole water sample from three areas in Kurmin-Mashi Kaduna metropolis, were analysed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The physiochemical values obtained were compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible standards for drinking water, which is within the limit standard. Some heavy metals determined were found to be above the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended value, while others such as zinc (Zn) had value below the permissible limit.
The level of the metal followed the order Mn (0.128 mg/l – 17.6mg/l) > pb (0.054mg/l – 0.045mg/l)> cd (0.045mg/l – 0.046mg/l), except for Hg value for Mashi Road which was estimated as 1.4276mg/l. The implications of these high levels of such metals in human’s health were highlighted.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page
Declaration
Approval Page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Â
CHAPTER ONE
1.0Â Â Â Â Introduction
1.1Â Â Â Â Aim and Objective
1.2Â Â Â Â Scope
1.3Â Â Â Â Justification
CHAPTER TWO
2.0Â Â Â Â Literature Review
2.1Â Â Â Â Heavy Metals
2.2Â Â Â Â Aquifers and Boreholes
2.3Â Â Â Â Pollution
2.3.1Â Water Pollution
2.3.2Â Ground Water Pollution
2.4Â Â Â Â Heavy Metal Contamination
2.4.1 Exposure of Heavy Metals through Water, Food and Air
2.4.2 Exposure of Heavy Metals through Industrial Product
2.5Â Â Â Â Effect of Heavy Metals on the Environment
2.5.1Â Cadmium (Cd)
2.5.2Â Lead (Pb)
2.5.4 Zinc (Zn)
2.5.5 Manganese (Mn)
2.6 Â Â Â Physiochemical Parameters
2.6.1 Turbidity
2.6.2 pH
2.6.3 Temperature
2.6.4 Conductivity
CHARTER THREE
3.0 Â Â Â Materials and Method
3.1 Â Â Â Sampling
3.2 Â Â Â Sample Collection
3.3 Â Â Â Sample Digestion
3.4 Â Â Â Sample Analysis
3.4.1 Physiochemical analysis of the Sample
3.5 Â Â Â Statistical Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Â Â Â Result
4.1 Â Â Â The Result of the Physiochemical Parameters of the Three
Samples are shown in Table 1 Below:
4.2 Â Â Â The Result of the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS),
Analysis of the Three Samples are Shown in Table 2 Below:
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Â Â Â Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1 Â Â Discussion
5.2 Â Â Â Conclusion
5.3 Â Â Â Recommendation
Reference
CHAPTER ONE
1.0INTRODUCTION
Water is an essential resource for living system, industrial processes, agricultural production and domestic uses. Potable water is becoming scares as a result of pollution of water bodies by heavy metal and other contaminates. (K.O. Lwulgo and B.D’ Arch, 2003).
Water covers about 71% of the earth surface and about 60% of human body, a very small amount of the earth’s water is contained within biological bodies and manufactured product. (K.O Lwulgo and B.D Arcy, 2003).
Water move continually through a cycle of evaporation, transpiration, precipitation and run off, eventually reaching the sea. Potable drinking water is a necessity to human and other life and access to safe drinking water has improved steadily and substantially over the last decade in almost every part of the world. (WHO and UNICEF, 2005).
The lack of safe drinking water and adequate sanitation measure could also lead to a number of disease such as dysentery, salmonellosis, shigellosis and typhoid, and every year millions of lives are claimed in developing countries. (B.D Arcy, 2003).
Heavy metals are persistent environmental contaminant and are at least five times denser than water, as such they cannot be metabolized by the body and are stable and bio-accumulative. (Z. Es’haghi, 2011). These toxic metals are sometime passed up to food chain, to humans and they have toxic effect on the environment and life in aquatic system too.
These metals include mercury, cadmium, chromium, lead, arsenic, copper, nickel and platinium etc. (Z.Es’haghi, 2011).
Heavy metal enter the environment through natural and anthropogenic means, such sources include natural weathering of the earth’s crust, mining, soil erosion and industrial discharge and a number of others. (Ming-Ho, 2005).
Heavy metals refers to any metallic element that has a relative high density and is toxic or poisonous even at low concentration. (Lenntech, 2004). Lead is one such heavy metal and the most common of these elements, that can cause general metabolic poison and enzymes inhibitor. It can cause metal retardation and semi-permanent brain damage in young children, lead has the ability to replace calcium in bone to form long-term replacement. (R.K. Mahajan, et al., 2005).
Cadmium is extremely toxic even in low concentration and can bio-accumulate in organism and ecosystem, and it has a long biological half-life in the human body, ranging, from 10 to 33 years. (R.K. Mahajan, et al., 2005). Long term exposure to cadmium also induse renal damage. (U.Celik and J.Oehlenschlager, 2007).
There is need to continuously assess the quality of ground and surface water sources, that’s why is a matter of great importance to analyze and quantify toxic agents in the environment. (Oyeyula A.O, 2006).
Toxic metals are mostly metals that form poisonous soluble compounds, in nature they tend to accumulate in visual and sensory organ of human being. Water meant for consumption must be free from chemical and microbial contaminant for it to be safe for drinking.
A drinking water quality guideline value represent the concentration of a constituent that those result in any significant health risk to the consumer over a life time. (Awa, newsletter of American water work, 2001).
And finding adequate supplies of potable water to meet the ever increasing needs, and maintaining it quality is becoming a problem on a global scale, it may be a problem to find a high quality potable water at the required place in a good quantity. (Radojavic M. and V Ladimir, 2002).
Ground water pollution could be avoided when boreholes are located far from sources of potential pollution. Good borehole design is also important in the prevention of underground water pollution, during the construction process of borehole drilling fluids, chemicals casing and other materials may find their way into the borehole, thereby polluting water.
An open hole during the construction stage can also be a direct route for contaminants from the surface to the aquifer, there by providing an ideal opportunity for chemical and bacteriological pollution to occur, also the possibility of borehole contamination in completing the borehole. (Sajjad MM, et al., 2008).
Surface dumping of both industrial and domestic waste materials are now a common practice among rural and urban dwellers. The quality of ground water, however it depends on the element present in it, which might have acquired from the rock through which it passed, while penetrating down the World Health Organization, WHO, has in 1993 set a quality guideline for drinking water should fall within the acceptable limit set by it. (WHO, 2008).
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) technique has been widely accepted as the standard technique for metals determination since they offer satisfactory sensitivity and fairly low acquisition cost. (M. Khalili, 2011). And however the majority of equipment can measure only one element at a time. (C.R Trarley, 2004).
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) is for the quantitative determination of chemicals element employing the absorption of optical radiation. (C.R. Trarley, 2004).
The presence of heavy metal in natural water has become a significant topic of concern for environmentalist, direct toxicity to human and aquatic life and indirect toxicity through accumulation of metals in the aquatic food chain are the focus of this threatening concern. (Stumm, W. and Morgan, J.J, 2007).
1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVEÂ Â
To determine the level of heavy metals concentration and some physiochemical parameters in borehole water from selected areas in Kurmin Mashi, in order to ascertain the potability of the water for human consumption.
1.2 SCOPEÂ
The research work is limited to the determination of heavy metals, Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Zinc (Zn), Mercury (Hg) and Manganese (Mn). And some physiochemical parameters which include pH, turbidity, temperature and conductivity, from selected boreholes water in three (3) different areas: Mashi Road, Fulani Road and NDA Road, in Kurmin Mashi Kaduna South.
1.3 JUSTIFICATION
The issue of accessibility to clean water is of global magnitude, the global environmental outlook report indicate that about 30% of the world’s population lack access to safe drinking water.
The consumption of water worldwide increased yearly, while most of the world’s water resources continue to be polluted due to improper environmental management practices. Globally, more than twenty five thousand people die daily as a result of water related disease (WHO, 2001).
SEE >> HOW TO DOWNLOAD THE COMPLETE PROJECT (CHAPTER 1-5) NOW
>GUARANTTEE|:| Score 280 Above in 2024 UTME👉 DOWNLOAD FREE JAMB CBT APP HERE:.: GURRANTTEE Score 280 Above in 2022 UTME👉 DOWNLOAD FREE JAMB CBT APP HERE 📱👈WISH TO STUDY & LIVE in UK?:- STUDY, WORK AND LIVE IN the UK Application Form NOW OUT. Call 08030447894
I want chapter 2 of this project work Determination Of Heavy Metals In Water From Selected Boreholes. Will really appreciate.