Download complete project materials on Determination Of Bacteriological Quality Of Water Obtained From Three Selected Sources In Barnawa Kaduna South Kaduna State
CHAPTER ONE
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INTRODUCTION
Water is a clear, colourless, tasteless and odourless substance that falls as rain, filling lakes, rivers, oceans e.t.c. Water being the most abundant substances on earth (Bajah, 2004). Water is also called a universal solvent.
According to Payment et al., (1997), the quality of drinking water is very essential for public health. A primary concern of people living in developing countries is that of obtaining clean drinking water. In many African and Asian countries, most of the large cities utilize tap water, but many millions of people in peri-urban communities and rural areas are dependent on surface and ground water.
The situation is not different in Nigeria, particularly in the rural areas. The provision of clean and drinking water is one of the major infrastructural problems for the urban and peri-urban areas.
Many households in urban areas have access to treated piped water, which is received directly in their homes or at community standing pipes. However, this is not the case in most rural communities. The microbiologyical quality of drinking water is of serious concern to consumers, water suppliers, regulators and public health authorities. The potential of drinking water to transport microbial pathogens to great numbers of people, causing subsequent illness is well documented in different countries.
It has been reported by Isaac et al., (1996), that sporadic cases of water born intestinal illness will not be detected or if detected, may not be recognized as water related. Hunter (1997), reported that water borne diseases might account for one-third of the intestinal infections world–wide.
A total number of 1.2 million water related cases of illness has been reported by Hunter and Syed (2001). While Pruss et al.,(2002), estimated that water sanitation and hygiene were responsible for 4.0% of all deaths and 5.7% of the total disease burden occurring world-wide.
Contamination of water and food with faecal bacteria is and remains, a common and persistent problem impacting public health, local and national economics (Stewart et al., 2007). Water related diseases are the major cases of mortality and morbidity world-wide. Among these, diarrheal disease is estimated to cause 2.2 million deaths every year (WHO, 2010).
Improved water supply and proper sanitation can reduce the occurrence of these diseases. However, outbreaks of water and food borne diseases still often occur, even in developed countries. According to Center for Diseases Control (CDC) (2005), in the United States, 70 million cases of food borne illnesses occur every year resulting in 325000 hospitalizations and 5000 deaths.
Pathogenic agents causing these diseases include the enteric bacteria (diarrhegenric Ecoli, Salmonella, Shigella and Campylobacter), viruses (movorirus, hepatitis A) and protozoa (cryptosporidium and Giardiasis) (Mead and Slutiker, 1999). An outbreak of Ecoli 0157:117 caused by spinach in the U.S and Canada was reported in 2006 (CDC, 2006). The spinach was most likely contaminated by irrigation water in California.
The occurrence of water borne illness has both economic and social impact. Consequently, monitoring the levels of contamination and the prevention of disease outbreaks is important from both economic and public health perspectives. Moreover, the need to assess the microbiological quality of water has become imperative because it has a direct effect on the health of individuals.
The recognition of the connection between pollution and the need to protect human health, recreation and fisheries production led to the early development of water quality regulations and monitoring methods (Jenkkins et al., 1996; USEPA, 2007). The use of contain bacteria as indicators of potential presence of pathogenic micro organisms in water is the standard means of assessing the microbiological quality of a water body (Payment et al., 1997; El-Abagy et al., 1991; El-Taweed and Shaban, 2001).
The main source of drinking water in Nigeria comes from streams, lakes, ponds, boreholes, high land stream water, and to a lesser extent rain water which is the purest of all natural water bodies contain a varieties of bacteria that are originated from soil and dead plants and animals (Juranck, 1996). In view of the above, the present study is aimed at:
1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
1.1.1 Aim of the Study
Determination of bacteriological quality of water obtained from three selected sources in Barnawa Kaduna South, Kaduna State.
1.1.2 Objectives of the Study
To determine the bacteriological quality of water from three selected water sources in Barnawa.
To isolate and identify the bacteria associated with the water sources
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