Design of the Thermochemical Conversion of Food waste in Gasifier Assembly Plant complete engineering project material for download
CHAPTER ONE
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INTRODUCTION
The annual generation of Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) in Nigeria is 29.78 x 109kg (Ojoloet al., 2004). The main components of these are putriscible materials, paper, plastics/rubbers, textiles, and metals (Ojolo, 2004). These wastes are stored and transported in and through the society’s living space and have a great potential of adversely affecting the hygiene of the people living in the areas concerned. It also has a potential for affecting the aesthetic of the environment.
Since the global energy crises of the 1970s, there has been a trend towards use of alternative energy sources to replace fossil fuel worldwide (Czerniket al., 1995). The fuel potential of many waste is a valuable resource and considerable interest has been devoted to it recently to exploit its potential.
However, it has been found out that the energy content that could be practically recovered from the wastes would be a small percentage of the total energy required in any nation (Jackson, 1985). This suggests that energy recovery from wastes willonly serve as a supplement to the total energy required.
Over the years, different waste management, treatment and disposal methods have been adopted apart from the traditional options of landfill and incineration. Emphasis is now shifting to technologies that will be acceptable to the end users. One of such technologies is pyrolysis (Piechura, 1998; Eugene, 1998).
Pyrolytic technology among other methods is a way of harnessing the energy in these wastes, providing a good method of disposing the wastes without affecting the ecological system (John et al., 1980; Robert, 1998).
For many metropolitan areas in Nigeria, disposal of MSW often involves the delivery to a transfer station followed by the transportation to a remote landfill. This process is often capital intensive and the costs are likely to increase in the future due to escalating transport costs, as acceptable landfill sites become more remote.
Most of these wastes on landfill sites or in other dumping sites are usually incinerated, thereby constituting a source of environmental pollution leading to depletion of the ozone layer. Concerns about CO2 emission may discourage widespread dependence on fossil fuel and encourage the development and utilization of renewable energy technologies including energy from MSW.
The key point here is that the use of bio sources adds no net CO2 to our environment. As fossil fuels are increasingly replaced by biofuels, the addition of CO2 to the atmosphere will be slowed down dramatically.
The products of pyrolysis of MSW are carbonaceous char, oils, and combustible gases. The product yield during the thermochemical conversion of MSW depends on temperature, pressure, time, reaction conditions, and added reactants or catalysts (Paul, 1982; Demirbasand Kucuk, 1997).
The products of pyrolysis have different chemical and fuel properties. The heating value of char generally was between 25.52MJ/kg and 30.16MJ/kg (Barner and Gerald, 1983). The heating value of tar oil was said to be about 24.7MJ/kg (Anon, 1983); while the heating value of pyrogas was given as 1.51MJ/kg (Anon, 1987).
Pyrolytic processes have been studied previously in other countries using several different types of equipment such as fluidized beds (Kaminsky, 1993; Rajvanshi, 1986; Paul, 1982), rotary kilns (Li et al., 1999; Foley, 1986), and rotating reactors (Westerhoutet al., 1998).
Some studies have been conducted using MSW or other sources of wastes (Kaminskyet al., 1996; Williams and Williams, 1997; Fink, 1999). The recent works on pyrolysis in Nigeria available for review are the pyrolysis of shredded plastic waste (Ojoloet al., 2004), corncobs (Oniya, 2000), and wood (Kucha, 1990 and Fapetu, 1994). Pyrolysis of MSW has not been reported in Nigeria.
Therefore, this work is of immense benefit and contribution to the development of MSW pyrolysis technology in Nigeria. The objectives of this work are to thermochemically convert MSW into fuel and to manage wastes through volume reduction.
Many cities are confronted with the problem of how to discard largequantities of municipal solid waste (MSW). Currently, landfills are theprimary means of MSW disposal taking in approximately 60% of theresidential garbage generated in the US (SCS Engineers, 1992). However, rising landfill tipping fees and their proven negative environmentalimpacts (Denison, 1996; Miranda and Hale 1999), have led to the searchfor cleaner and less costly alternatives for municipal waste disposal.
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Most developed countries are still Faced with the costly problem ofwaste disposal and the need for more energy, a growing number ofcountries are turning to gasification, a time-tested andenvironmentally-sound way of converting the energy in MSW into useful products such as electricity, fertilizers, transportation fuels and chemicals.
On average, conventional waste-to-energy plants that usemass-burn incineration can convert one ton of MSW to about 550kilowatt-hours of electricity. With gasification technology, one ton of MSW can be used to produce up to 1,000 kilowatt-hours of electricity, amuch more efficient and cleaner way to utilize this source of energy.
Gasification can help the world both manage its waste and produce theenergy and products needed to fuel economic growth.
OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
The aim of the research work is to:
- To use the gasification plant to manage waste and produce otherforms of energy from it.
- Produce a true RDF cost-effectively remains one of the most difficulttasks in thermochemical conversion of solid waste.
- Remove tar from the gas product
- Convert MSW that would typically be incinerated into a clean, usefulsyngas.
- Reduce the need for landfill space, decreasing methane emissions from the decomposition of organic materials in the landfill.
- Reduce the risk of surface water and groundwater contamination from landfills.
SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
The research work is a very important one as it will discuss in detailsthe process involved in the conversion of food waste to other forms of energy, it will also discuss the use of gasification plant to manage waste and produce other forms of energy from it. It will also discussthe process of removal of tar from the gaseous product during the process of conversion of food waste to other forms of energy.
SCOPE OF STUDY
The research work is only limited to the process involved in the design of the thermochemical conversion of food waste in gasifier assembly plant.
METHODOLOGY
Gasification is a thermochemical process that generates a gaseous, fuelrich product. Regardless of how the gasifier is designed, two processesmust take place in order to produce a useable fuel gas. In the firststage, pyrolysis releases the volatile components of the fuel attemperatures below 600°C (1112°F).
The by-product of pyrolysis that isnot vaporized is called char and consists mainly of fixed carbon and ash. In the second gasification stage, the carbon remaining after pyrolysis is either reacted with steam or hydrogen or combusted with air or pure oxygen. Gasification with air results in a nitrogen-rich, lowBTU fuel gas.
Gasification with pure oxygen results in a higher quality mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen and virtually no nitrogen.
LIMITATION OF STUDY
FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS:The researcher was unable to get all thematerials needed for the purpose of the research work due toinsufficient finance but he or she was able to get the meaningfulinformation required for the completion of the research work.
TIME CONSTRAINTS: The research being a students will be involved inother departmental activities like seminar presentation and otherdepartmental assignment which made the researcher to be left withlimited time but he or she was able to meet up with the time allocatedfor the completion of the research work.
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