Compensation For Environmental Degradation In Nigeria And Its Effects is a project materials from chapter to five with references and abstract.
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ABSTRACT
Environment is man’s immediate surrounding and man in his exploration and innovation has always been tempering with his/her environment there by causing harm to the environment in his causes to making life easy and meaningful for its existence such as the exploration of crude oil, gold mining and other natural minerals in his environment, which in turns creates danger to live stocks and crops during exploration, mining and excavation.
This researcher has taken it upon himself to know what the necessary compensations are due to the inhabitants living in that society if any, and if the compensation are really measurable enough to elevate the standard of living of the dwellers in that society if any,
and if the compensations are really measurable enough to elevate the standard of living of the dwellers in that locality the necessary rules, laws and penalties stipulated for defaulters who refuse to pay or make the necessary implementations for such cases, and what the government of the federal republic of Nigeria has in her constitution about the environment and there that are alleged to be degrading this environment with their industries.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
THE NATURE OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
History and science both seemed to agree that before the advent of man, the environment already existed, and it’s therefore logical to rationalize that the environment proceeded man’s human technologies and scientific development.
It’s rightly by who postulated that this environment before the advent of man was pure and inspolled as was discerned from biblical records, when God created the sun total of what was conceived as the environment.
He saw that it was good, man therefore inherited a good environment and was constituted as a superior being to conquer all the earthly natural resources, but not to destroy, pollute or degrade the natural resources that were created for the same superior beings existed.
The occurrence some natural include such as earthquakes and draught, which causes harm to natural environment, though the natural environment has inbuilt mechanism to absolve and eliminate some of the harm which originally occur in nature. The intensification of the various activities of man has caused a shift in this natural mechanism by including and increasing the rate at which these incidents occur.
The above stem from the perspective of modern environmental imprudence, its known from the beginning of mans creation, that man has been dependent on the earths ecosystem to provide him with the means of sustenance air to breath, food to eat, water to drink and other natural resources to advance quality of life. In other words, man’s basic needs are hinged upon good clothing and shelter.
These are entirely derived from land for life depends on it. The principle of quid plantator solo-solo cedit, presupposes that land consist of the surface of the earth, the soil and air space above it as well as all things, which are permanently attached to the soil. And it also includes steams and ponds.
Man, being owe of the most inhabitant of the world has his existence hinged on the reservoir of resources within his immediate surrounding for his own sustenance, he exploits the environment for all his needs. However, in this attempt to actualize his dreams of existence, the magnetite of his intrusion on the supporting web of the environment is generating an alarm that cannot be ignored, because very existence of man is threatened to the cord.
The consequences of the above situation are the large scale degradation that has been and is still being done to the environment.
MEANING OF ENVIRONMENT
Section 38 of the federal environment protection agency act defines environment as including water, air, land and all human beings and animals living therein and the inter-relationship which exist between them. This means in essence that life depends on the environment.
Contrary to the attitude and believe of most people in developing countries that their lives or livelihood depends entirely on their immediate neighborhood. It’s now being realized that environment extends beyond peoples vicinity to another circles of the earth. It follows that environment is an umbrella word that embraces all the vital elements required for life to exist.
CONCEPT OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
In the environment, there exists a chain which comprises all the constituents in a relationship that in complex. The chain begins with the simplest elements to the most component in the environment. The activities of each of the constituent are regarded as the existence of some other fact or which ensures that a balance is maintained in the natural set up.
The existence of man and his dependence on the resources in his immediate vicinity for sustenance has drawn so much from the natural store of resources that there is now an in-balance in the natural set up, and as the population of human race increases, the demands they make on the natural resources also multiply.
Thus, this results in a continuous depletion in the available resources, in the absent of adequate or considerable efforts at conservation or replacement of the stock.
This exploitation of natural resources portend a bleak future for creation, yet unborn. As a matter of fact, there is no activity that is engaged in by man for his own sustenance and advancement that does not have an effect on the various interactions existing among the constituents of the environment.
Environmental degradation consists essentially in pollution in all ramifications, that is, it consists of any undesirable changes in the natural characteristics of the environment or the constituent. It ranges from the waste generated and carelessly dumped by various house holds to farming operation where the natural land is destroyed and chemical such as pesticides and inorganic fertilizers are unleashed on the environment.
It extends to various scientific laboratories power generating centres and industrial sites where harmful emission and waste are released into the environment. Others are construction of structures without appropriate authorization and/or compliances with health regulation, also not left out arte the various bills boards that litters and deface the natural surroundings.
This bits and pieces then come together to cause gravious environment problems for the entire vicinity, state, country.
The federal environmental protection agency act (known as FEPA)33 under section 38 defined pollution as a means/meaning “manmade or man aided alteration chemical, physical ort biological quality of the environment to the extent that is detrimental to the environment or beyond acceptable limits and “pollutants” shall be constructed accordingly.
Thus any undesirable alteration in the composition or states of the environment as to make it unable to satisfactorily perform its natural roles which amounts to environmental degradation. This is irrespective of whether such alteration was naturally induced or was a product of man’s creation.
All that is needed is the occurrence of any state or condition in the environment that will impede it from being suitable for the purpose that it was naturally suited for whenever this situation results damage is said to have being caused to the environment.
Middlation in Atlas of environment issue oxford university press 19885 it has been reported that more than 11 million hectare of forest are destroyed every year by acid rain.
THE SOURCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
There are various causes of environmental degradation and damage to the natural environment. These factors that results in the destruction of the environment emanates fro the activities of nature itself, which are man, animals, and other elements that are present in the environment., however, all the factors can be broadly categorized into two namely.
- The natural sources
- the artificial sources
Natural Sources
The are some natural factors which on their own lead to degradation to the environment as earlier pointed. Quite often, there factors are normally taken care of by the natural environment, which provides certain safe guards to check any serious harm that may be the consequence of such activities.
The incidence in the case of soil erosion, whether by rain or by wind is a natural act which occur on its own, when it occurs, there is a resultant washing away of the soil starting from the top soil, through to the subsoil. In very serious cases the whole layer of the top soil is washed away resulting in to what is known as short erosion.
No matter the type of erosion, the result is damage to the environment. However, nature has its own mechanism of controlling soil erosion and protecting the environment from damage.
It ensures that its not left out bare by providing regetation, lives the soil shelter from the direct impart, plant roots holds the soil parties together to form soil aggregate, thereby improving on the soil structure which makes it, less likely for serious erosion to occur.
In this way, the severity of erosion is put under control, but with continuous destruction of natural vegetation by man in his bid to satisfy his own wants, this natural protection of the soil is disappearing fast. The result has been a wide spread occurrence of soil erosion allover the world. This intern has heard the effect of causing immeasurable damages to the environment and amount others, destroying the natural landscape.
Another natural factor is the rapid desertification of the world land area. This often result in areas known as arid and semi arid zones because of the low and unreliable precipitation rate.
In this place, vegetable growth in minimal as a result of low moisture that is available. Consequently, the soil is bare and dry thereby exposing it to be weather element of wind, which blooms across it unhindered. This loosen the soil particles to produce the friable (easily chattered) soil structure essentially sandy and agriculturally, useless.
Dissertation is a vain enhanced by man through its activities or over growing the land, continuous tillage and deforestation, all of which only remove the vegetation cover and exposes the soil elements weather earthquakes and volcanic eruption are naturally other factors that have serious effect on the environment.
Earthquakes which is the sadden violent movement of the earth surface often result in land slides occurring. This destroys the land and all that is contained in it including human lives, buildings and vegetations. It also destroys the natural topography of the land. Volcanic eruption is the emitting of some molten inorganic lava from the “belly” of the earth, which forces its way to the surface and result in serious environmental degradation or damage.
The molten lava flows from the belly of the earth to the surface to form extrusive igneous rock. During the eruption, many harmful gases may be emitted into the environment, thereby destroying or causing serious danger to life. A gain, man in the process of carrying out some of his activities such as mining for mineral ones and building of dams for irrigation, does induce the occurrence of these otherwise natural phenomenon.
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