Download complete project materials on An Appraisal Of Taxation As A Source Of Government Revenue In Nigeria from chapter one to five
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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TITLE PAGE
CERTIFICATION
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
LIST OF TABLES
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACJKGROUND OF THE STUDY
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
RESEARCH QUESTION/HYPOTHESIS
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
PLAN OF THE STUDY
DEFINITION OF TERM
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
TAXATION AS A SOURCES OF GOVERNMENT
EFFECTS OF TAXES ON THE ECONOMY
SUMMARY OF RELATE LITERATURE
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
THE POPULATION AND METHOD OF SAMPLE SELECTION
DATA COOLECTION TECHNIQUES
ADMINISTRATION OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
LIBRARY RESEARCH
METHODS OF DATA ANALYSIS
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
SUMMARY
CONCLUSION
RECOMMENDATION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Taxes are the most essential source of government revenue especially in Nigeria. The tax payers are the employees, sole traders, partners, trustees, executers and companies (i.e corporate bodies)
Although, government may source fund from other means, either through public owned enterprises, or gifts. but the major source of the government revenue consists of taxes.
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Prior to the advent of colonial rule, there was a particular system of direct taxation except for the fact that the system varied from one part of what is presently called Nigeria to the significantly from the normal structure of modern taxation.
Taxation in the Northern African consist. of:
Kudonkasu-whereby tax is levied for the use of landed properties for agricultural purposes.
Zakat-Tax levied on Moslems for charitable, religion and  educational purpose.
Jankali- It is a tax levied on livestock.
Shukka-shukka-Tax paid on crops.
Taxation in the south western area consist of:
owo ori- This is a form of tax, expected to be paid by every individual. It could be paid in cash or kind.
Isakole- This is a form of tax levied on land used by local communities who are normally expected to pay homage or obedience to the local chief or king.
Community efforts:- This entails contributions from members of each community for a specific purpose or
Taxation in the eastern are entails:
Community efforts;(as was applicable in Western Area).
Egdu-Nkwu – This is a tax payable to the village council by those who harvest palm fruits.
Taxation in River and Bayelsa states;
Bush hunting and fishing are also other forms of taxation whereby male, female, adults contribute services in form of canoe, boat, net and other fishing equipment to fish jointly, while the female sell the fishes and the sales proceeds were used to finance community projects.
Nigeria taxation in its modern form were formed after the establishment of a British colony in Lagos on August 6, 1861 and subsequently amalgamation of the southern and Northern protectorates of Nigeria in 1914.
The colonial government set up the raise man commission in 1958, which recommended the introduction of uniform basic income tax principles for later incorporated same into the 1960 constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. This led to the promulgation of the income tax management Act,1961 and the companies’ income tax Act,1961.
Under the constitution of the Federal republic of Nigeria 1999, the power to buy taxes on income of companies and corporation through the exclusive legislations list, but under the concurrent legislation list, both Federal and state government and the local government possessed power to administer and collect direct taxes from income of individuals and incorporated bodies, such as the trading profit of the partnership and sole trader.
From 1975, under the uniform income tax decree 1975 the rates of tax payable on personal income are  fixed by the Federal Ministry of Finance and on the recommendations of the joint tax board comprising all the local state and Federal government.
Tax evasion or under declaration of income for tax purposes is more rampant among the self employed professional people and trades tax among workers in wages employment.
The cost and problems of tax collection are quite enormous and many times the problems are insurmountable. Quite often, the revenue are unable identify the tax payers and even where they are identified their sources of income are not. Consequently, there are large scale tax evasions and the attendants loss of outright non-payment or underpayment of tax that otherwise would have become payable.
Therefore to achieve optimum result, tax laws are established which make it mandatory for certain income to be taxed at source. Under the applicable laws the payers of sums due to another person are required to with hold certain amount from such sums as tax and pay the net amount to payee. The amount withheld is what is termed withholding tax and is payable to the approximate tax authority.
Section 1 of the personal income tax decree 1993 (PITD 1993) state.
There is hereby imposed a tax on the income;
(a)Â Â Â of individuals communities and families; and
Arising or due to a trustee or estate, which shall be determined under and be subject to the provisions of this decree.
Income tax is payable on anything that can be described as an income. There is nowhere in the decree where the definition of income has been given.
Tax clearance is issued to the persons the tax assessed on the income. For the three years immediately preceding the current year of assessment has been fully paid or that no tax is not liable to tax for any of the said three years within two weeks of the demand for such certificate by that person and if not give reason for denials 84(i) ITD.
It is only after examining the accounts and obtaining further information and documentation that the revenue could be in position to agree the accounts. It is after agreeing the accounts that the revenue will give a letter to that effect to the tax payer.
Differences between the urban and  rural population of Nigeria contributed to the inequality of income with attendant result on direct taxes. In 1985, appropriately 2,086 million people representing 57.80% of actual labor force were engaged in Agriculture and related occupation. A survey of household monthly income at N 96.6k i.e, N1,161.8k per annum, whereas the same survey showed an average urban household monthly income as N228.80k I.e N3,748.,60k per annum.
The survey gave the average size of the household as 4.36 in the urban and 4.77 in the rural average.
With this, it can be observed that rural household income is about 42.3% before the average urban household income. The difference is minimal between the urban and rural area and thereby high lightening through limitation of collection of direct taxes from different income groups.
However, this meant to appraise taxation in Nigeria and in Odo-otin local government in particular, among these problems are wrong declarations of income, which is rampant among the self employed citizen like farmer and businessmen and others. The fraudulent practices by the assessment committee are also a matter of concern. They defeat the purpose and system of taxation.
1.2Â Â STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The government levies various forms of taxes in order to raise revenue to meet their responsibilities.
The effectiveness of this tax system and the drawback will be main focused in this project to aid this study to a faithful purposeful ends, attempts will be made to answer the following questions.
– Is taxation the major source of government revenue in Odo- otin local government area?
–Â Does the total revenue meet up with the total expenditure in the area?
– Are the people of Odo-otin responding towards the tax payments?
–Â Â How are tax imposed on the people of Odo-otin local government area?
–Â Â Are the people of Odo-otin self employed compared to those that era not self employed?
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The aims and objectives of the study are;
(1) To examine tax as one of the source of government revenue in Odo-otin local government.
(2) To examine the problems of tax collection and evasion in Odo-otin local government area.
(3)Â To offer useful suggestion to the problem facing taxation in Odo-otin local government.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
It is now clear that there are many advantages to be derived from the collection of taxes. More so, government will surpass great loss if there is no system of tax collection, there will be no much money for them to meet their responsibility. Therefore, there is a need for effective tax collection and it should be well organized in a way that will meet the following significance of instituting a system of tax collection.
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