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ABSTRACT
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The invitro antiplasmodial activity of N-hexane, dicloromethane, ethylacetate and N-butanol fraction of Euphorbia pulcherrima plant was evacuated using the method using the method described by WHO using the RPM1640 reagent for the cultivation plasmodium facliparum. The N-hexane, ethylacetate fractions showed a considerable moderate decrease in parasite growth with IC50 of 33.91mg/ML, the N-butanol showed no activity while the dichloromethane fraction had showed good antiplamodial activity with IC50 of 1.685mg/ML.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Content
Title page
Declaration
Dedication
Approval page
Acknowledgement
Table of content
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
Statement of the problem
Justification of the study
Aim and objectives
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
Malaria disease
Sign and symptoms of malaria
life cycle of malaria
diagnosis of malaria
Resistance to anti malarial drugs
2.4.2 The role of plants in antimalarial drug discoverys
2.4.3 Plant as alternative source of new antimalarial compounds
2.5 Euphobia Pulcherrima
2.5.1 Taxonomic classification
2.5.2 Description and distribution of euphorbia pulcherrima
2.5.3 Ethnobotanical description of euphorbia pulcherrima
2.6 Pharmacological studies of euphorbia pulcherrima
2.6.1 Anti-inflammatory activity
2.6.2 Anticancer activity
2.6.3 Antidiarrhoeal activity
2.6.4 Antimalarial activity
2.6.5 Antimicrobial activity
2.6.6 Molluscicidal activity
2,6.7 Antibacterial activity
2.6.8 Wound healing activity
2.6.9 Analgesic activity of euphorbia pulcherrima
2.6.10 Anti-oxidant activity of euphorbia pulcherrima
2.6.11 Anti-Ulcerogenic activity of euphorbia pulcherrima
2.6.12 Hepatoprotective activity of euphorbia pulcherrima
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 sample collection
3.2 sample preparation
3.3 extraction of e.pulcherrima plant
3.3.1 Phytochemical screening of e.pulcherrima
3.3.2 Liquid – liquid partioning of the crude extract
3.4 In – vitro anti – plasmodia assay
3.4.1 Preparation of culture medium for cultivating
3.4.2 Preparation of washing medium
3.4.3 Sample of Blood preparation
3.4.4 Preparation of Erythrocyte (rbc) for culture
3.4.5 Bio – Guided anti – Malaria activity fractionation
3.4.6 Estimation of the Leaf Extracts Activity
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Anti-Malarial Activity Result
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussions, Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1 Discussion
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendation
Reference
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Almost half of the world’s population lives in malaria endemic-areas (mostly representing underdeveloped nations) and over 200 million people are infected with the disease annually. More than 600,000 people die each year making malaria one of the most devasting infectious diseases world wide (Soran, et al., 2009).
Despite vast efforts to eradicate the disease through vaccine development, avoidance measures and drug therapies, the rate of infection and death caused by malaria has changed little in the past several decades (Singh, 1999).
Furthermore, widespread drug resistant strains of plasmodium spp.(pathogenic agent), pesticide resistant anopheles mosquitoes the vector), increasing rates of poverty and population density, climate change and an overall decrease in the availability and efficacy of currently used antimalarial drugs increasingly threaten already faltering malaria eradication paradigm (Shekhawat and Vijayvergia, 2010).
Four species of malaria parasites are naturally known to infect humans. These are plasmodium falcifarum, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium vivax, and Plasmodium ovale. P.falcifarum causes the most serious form of the disease P.knowesi, a newly recognized fifth species is important in a small geopraphical range in oceania (DFID, 2010). Plasmodium knowlesi is a zoonosis that causes malaria in macaques but can also infect humans (Fong,et al., 1971).
Malaria is transmitted to humans through the bite of female mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles. The parasite matures and reproduces sexually in the female anopheles mosquito the vector, which is the parasites definitive host. Man is the intermediate host.The symptoms of the disease include fever, headaches chills, loss of appetite, vomiting, shivering, general body weakness, joint pains, dizziness and drowsiness (Bruce-chwatt, 2005).
All the symptoms may not present in a single patient and if they do, the severity varies from one person to another. Confirmation is usually done by laboratory examination of blood for the presence of parasites (Avwioro, 2010).
Consequences of malaria include childhood deaths, anaemia, low birth weight, epilepsy, and neurological problems. These consequences of malaria, compromise the health and development of millions of children throughout the tropical world (Cox-Singh et al.,2008)
Ninety percent (90%) of malaria cases in the world are estimated to be in africa where the disease is endemic (WHO, 2008;Kachur et al., 2010), particularly west and central.
Africa, are attributed to a combination of very high transmission and weaker health services (DFID, 2010).
Malaria is Africa’s leading cause of infant mortality (20%) and constitutes 10% of the continent’s overall disease burden. It accounts for 40 percent of public health expenditure, 30-50% of inpatient admissions, and up to 50% outpatient visits in area with high malaria transmission (Ngemenya et al., 2006). Of the annual conservative estimate of 1-2.7 million deaths due to malaria globally, about 90% of these occur in Africa alone (Day, 1997; Dexter, 2012) with children under five years of age and pregnant women most severely affected (WHO, 2012).
Measures for containment are urgently needed to limit the spread of drug-resistance and to prevent a major threat to current plans for eliminating malaria through the research for antimalaria through the search for antimalerials among local herbs.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Despite more than a century of efforts to control or eradicate malaria, the disease remains a major growing threat to public health and economic development of countries in the tropical world and this is largely due to P.falcifarum resistance to most antimalarial drugs (Bickii et al., 2007).
There is no evidence of a systematic decline in malaria burden, in addition, the increasing trend in the number of cases and deaths may be attributed to improvement in reporting (WHO, 2008). Malaria is one of the most important infectious diseases in tropical and sub-tropical regions, and continuous to be a major global health problem, with over 40% of the world’s population exposed to various degree of malaria risk (Duangdee et al., 2009).
Malaria endemic regions of the world are faced with an unprecedenred situation in which affordable treatment options are rapidly losing therapeutic efficacy because of some degree of resistance exhibited by both the vector (mosquito) and the causative agents (Plasmodium spp). As a consequence of drug resistance, drugs like quinine, chloroquine, primaquine and mefloquine are ineffective in treating malaria in many endemic regions of the world (Schlizer, 2007).
Even though no clinically relevant artemisinin resistance has been reported yet, it is likely to occur since artemisinin resistance has been obtained in laboratory animals (Meshnik, 2002). Measures for containment are urgently needed to limit the spread of drug – resistance and to prevent a major threat to current plans for eliminating malaria through the search for antimalarials among local herbs
JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
Emerging drug-resistant P.falcifarum strains are making malaria a resurging infectious disease. Moreover, in recent years the situation has worsened in many ways mainly due to the malaria parasite becoming resistant to almost all available anitmalaria drugs.
Newer drugs therapies, unfortunately, have not eluded drug resistant strains of the malaria parasite as there have also been case reports of resistance against new drugs such as atovaquone – proguanil, (malaroneR) contrifazid, doxycline, mefloquine (larinamR).
Effective usage of existing antimalarial drugs requires continuous input of the drugs resistance pattern in the field. In vitro drug sensitivity assays provide information on the quantitative drug response of P.falciparum; they are therefore important.
Tools for monitoring the drug response of P.falciparum and they provide background information for development and evaluation of drug policies. In addition, in vitro drug sensitivity assays serve as epidemiological tools to asses baseline sensitivity which can be an indicator of future therapeutic failure. They can also guide on the parter drug in artemisinin combination therapies (ACTS).
AIM AND OBJ ECTIVES
The aim of this study is to investigate the antiplasmodial potential of Euphobia pulcherrima extract invitro.
Which will be achieve through the following objectives:
To carry out the phytochemical screening of the plant extract.
To determine the Ic50 of the plant extract against Plasmodium falciparum
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