Download Complete Project Materials on Dissolution Kinetic And Solvent Extraction Of Aluminium From Kaolin From chapter one to five with abstract and references
TABLE OF CONTENT
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Title page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Table of content
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
Kaolinite
Source of Kaolinite
Uses of Kaolinite
Chemistry of Kaolinite
Occurrence of Kaolinite
Aluminum
Physical and chemical characteristic of aluminum
Recycle of aluminum
Occurrence of aluminum
Production and refinement of aluminum
Compounds and halides of aluminums
Application of aluminum
History of aluminum
Etymology of aluminum
Aluminum alloys in structural application
Alumina
Effect of aluminum on plant
Importance of aluminium to health
Solvent extraction
Solvent extraction of metal
CHAPTER TWO
Experimental methods
Materials
Sample collection
Reagents
Apparatus
Material and methods
Sample preparation
Grinding
Pulverilization/particle sizing
Characteristics of the samples
Aqueous metal analysis
Physio-analysis
Moisture content
Ash content
Dissolution and solvent extraction studies
Leaching procedure
Solvent extraction procedure
Total aluminium analysis
Total iron precipitation
Extraction of aluminum
Stripping process
Aluminum salt production
CHAPTER THREE
Result and discussion
Characterization studies
Chemical composition of ore
Photo-micrographic studies
Aqueous metal analysis
Leaching studies
Effect of HCl concentration
Effect of temperature
Effect of particle sizes
Dissolution kinetic analysis
Solvent extraction studies
Total iron removal
Solvent extraction of copper
Stripping of aluminum form Dithizone
3.4 Proposal hydrometallurgical scheme
3.5 Conclusions
3.6 Recommendation
3.7 References
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Kaolinite
Kaolinite is one of the rare earth compounds that contain high concentration or percent of alumina and silica in the earth crust, and it has the chemical composition Al2Si2O5(OH)4. Rare earth (RE) compounds are “hi-tech” materials used in electronics automotive catalytic converter, glass/ceramic permanent magnets and nuclear energy.
High demand/tight supply issues prompt the need for intensive research in the field of rare earth recovery/purification, with emphasis on development of new sources to secure sustainable access to supply in the future.
Due to the abundance of Kaolinite in the superficial layers in nature, high specific surface area for adsorption and relatives ease of mining/processing [1].The Kaolinite or rare earths are leached and we can recover high purity and product by solvent extraction.
In April 2008, the US Naval medical research institute announced the successful use of a Kaolinite derived aluminosilicate nonoparticles infusion in traditional gauze, known commercially as Quick clot combat Gauze [2].
The purpose of this study is to explain the geochemical principles that govern acid chloride aluminum leaching and to provide a basis for understanding the testing application of acid leaching to the undeveloped resources base [3].
Kaolinite is a clay mineral, part of the group of industrial minerals, with the chemical composition Al2Si2O5(OH)4. It is a layered silicate mineral with one tetrahedral sheet linked through oxygen atoms to one octahedral sheet of alumina Octahedral [4].
Rocks that are rich in Kaolinite are known as Kaolin or china clay [5]. The name is derived from kao-ling (Chinese word: gaoling) a village near Jingdezhen jlangxi province, china [6]. The name entered English in 1727 from the French version of word “Kaolin” following François Xavier d Entrecolles’s reports form Jindgezhen [7].
In Africa, kaolin is sometimes known as Kalaba (in Gabon [8] and Cameroon [9]) Calaba and calaba chop (in Equatorial Guinea).
Kaolinite has a low shrink-swell capacity and a low cation exchange capacity (1-15meg/100g), it is a soft, earthy, usually white mineral (dioctahedral phyllosilicate clay), produced by the chemical weathering of aluminum silicate minerals like feldspar.
In many parts of the world, it is colored pink-orange-red by iron oxide, giving it distinct rust, lighter concentrations yield white, yellow or light orange colour. Alternatively layers are sometimes found as at providence canyon state park in Georgia, ssssUnited State commercial grades of kaolin are supplied and transported as dry powder, semi-dry noodle or as liquid slurry.
Source of Kaolinite
Kaolinite or kaolin mineral has its name derived form Gaoling (kao-ling) which is a high hill in the Jindgenzhen, Jiangxl province of china, although it was mined in that Chinese province, the mineral was first described as mineral species in Brazil in the year 1867.
Kaolinite is mined as kaolin. Brazil, United Kingdom, Germany, India, Korea, France, China, and the Untied State of America are some of the known countries on which premium Kaolin clay is sourced.
The mineral is typically found abundant in soils that are found o chemical weathering of rocks and have hot and moist climate such as tropical rainforest areas.
In comparison along a gradient that leads towards progressively cooler or drier climate, the proportion of Kaolinite decreased while other clay minerals such as illite and smectite which are formed in cool and dry climates increase.
The climatic factors in the formation of Kaolinite tell soil much of the mineral’s relation to its sources areas geologic history. [8]. Kaolin clay is included in the group of hydrous aluminum silicates, healing stones kyanite and dumortierite are aluminum silicate.
Aluminum is also found in the healing stone sapphire, amethyst, heliotrope (bloodstone), ruby, anyolite, emerald, idocrase, rhodonite, tiger iron, green tourmaline, alexandrite and moldavite. The kaolin mineral group includes other common clay mineral such as dickite, halloysite, nacrtie, Kaolinite and allophone.
The kaolin mineral group is usually found in sediments, soils, hydrothermal deposits and sedimentary rocks. It takes the bulk of the mineral that are formed in the pouter crust of the earth at a wide range of geologic environment.
Many of these silicates are of economic importance. Most of them are used ion various industries, the clay minerals that form the main constituent of kaolin are commonly formed through the cycles of rock formation. Although it may share the same chemical composition with their clay minerals in its group, it differs in its optical or physical properties [8].
Uses of Kaolinite
The largest use is in the production of paper, including ensuring the gloss on some grades of paper. Kaolin is or was used:
Ceramic: It is generally the main component in porcelain.
In toothpaste
As a light diffusing material in white incandescent light bulbs.
In cosmetic
As paint to extend titanium dioxide (Ti02) and modify gloss levels.
For its semi-reinforcing properties in rubber.
In adhesives to modify rheology [9]
The production of common smoking pipes in Europe and Asia.
In organic farming as spray applied to crops to determine insect damage, and in the case of apples to prevent sun scald.
As whitewash in traditional stone masonry homes in Napal. The most common method is to paint the upper part with white kaolin clay and the middle with red clay. The red clay many extend to the bottom or the bottom may be painted black.
As a filler in Edision diamond discs [10].
As an indicator in radiological dating since Kaolinite can contain very small traces of uranium and thorium.
To soot an upset stomach, similar to the way parrots (and later, humans) in South American originally, used it [11] .More recently, industrially produced Kaolinite preparations were formally common for treatment of diarrhea, the most common of these was kaopectate, which abandoned the use of kaolin in favour of attapulgite and then (in the United States) bismuth subsalicylate (the active ingredient in pepto-bismol).
For facial mask or soap [12].
Rubber/rubber industries: Kaolin is used as filler in rubber industries. They need a maximum of 0/002 percent of its manganese content and 0.001 percent for its calcium content.
Paper coating industries: For the production of white and fine paper its whiteness is dominant for paper coating.
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