Download complete project materials on Patterns And Causes Of Juvenile Delinquency As Expressed By Secondary School Students In Nigeria from chapter one to five including abstract and references.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Content
Title page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Tables
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION
Background to the Study
Statement of the Problem
Research Questions
Research Hypotheses
Purpose of the Study
Significance of the Study
Operational Definition of Terms
Scope of the Study
CHAPTER TWO:
REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE
Concept of Adolescence
Concept of Juvenile Delinquency
Theories of Juvenile Delinquency
Age and Juvenile Delinquency
Patterns of Juvenile Delinquency among Students
Causes of Juvenile delinquency among Students
Summary of Review of the Related Literature
CHAPTER THREE:
METHODOLOGY
Preamble
Research Design
Population, Sample and Sampling Procedure
Instrumentation
Procedure for Data Collection
Procedure for Scoring the Instrument
Method of Data Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR:
RESULTS
Preamble
Demographic Data
Hypotheses Testing
Summary of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE:
DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Preamble
Discussion of Findings
Conclusion
Recommendations
Suggestions for Further Studies
References
Appendix
ABSTRACT
The challenges of adolescents are enormous simply because of diverse growth and development that characterized this stage, this lead many adolescents into delinquent behaviours. This study thus investigated the patterns and causes of delinquent behaviours as expressed by secondary school students in Ibarapa Local Government Area, Oyo State. The study also examined the influence of variables such as gender, age and residential area on respondents’ expressions.
Descriptive survey design was adopted for the study. The using proportional, simple and stratified random sampling techniques were used to draw a sample of 200 secondary school students in Ibarapa Local Government Area, Oyo State.
A self-designed instrument entitled “Patterns and Causes of Juvenile Delinquency Questionnaire (PCJDQ)” was used to amass data for the study. The instrument has reliability co-efficient of 0.72 through use of test re-test reliability method. The hypotheses were analyzed with t-test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) statistics at 0.05 level of significance.
The findings of this study revealed that the major patterns of juvenile delinquency among secondary schools in Ibarapa Local Government Area, are school violence, examination malpractice, bullying of other students, sexual immorality, involvement in graffiti behaviours and using abusive languages in school and public places.
The findings also revealed that juvenile delinquency is caused by negative influence of mass media, unmet needs of adolescents, broken home, single parenting and peer pressure. The hypotheses tested revealed no significant difference in the patterns and causes of juvenile delinquency as expressed by secondary school students in Ibarapa Local Government Area on the bases of gender and age, while significant difference was found based on residential area.
Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that parents and the society should provide for the needs of adolescents, the school authorities should monitor students’ activities and encourage them on the needs to associate with good peers, teachers should be role models for the students by demonstrating good behaviour to the students, government should regulate the activities of the media making appropriate laws to prevent adolescents’ exposure to delinquent acts, the school counsellors should organise seminars, workshops and symposia on regular basis in order to sensitise adolescents against delinquent behaviours and equip them with necessary social skills.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background to the Study
Adolescence is a developmental transition between childhood and adulthood. It is the period of puberty until full adult status is attained. Dorn and Biro (2011) defined adolescence as the period in human growth and development that occurs after childhood and before adulthood, from ages 10 to 19. It represents one of the critical transitions in the life span and is characterized by a tremendous pace in growth and change that is second only to that of infancy.
The biological determinants of adolescences are fairly universal; however, the duration and defining characteristics of this period may vary across time, cultures, and socio-economic situations (Dorn & Biro, 2011).
Most secondary schools students are in the adolescent stage. The adolescent has needs and problems that arise from organic, psychological and social pressures. These pressures in turn exert influences on them, which make them exhibit behaviours that are not in consonance with societal norms leading to delinquency (Onyejiaku, 1991).
According to Isangedighi (2008), delinquency is a behaviour that involves retraction from rules that govern behaviour among adolescents. Delinquency on the whole is not an easy concept to define due to it complex characteristics. However, delinquency has been from time immemorial a social evil. These delinquent behaviours consist of acts that violate the laws of the society.
Delinquency has been variously portrayed and defined as a condition of drift, maladjustment, pathology, disturbance, moral depravity and unruly behaviour (Alemika ,et al 2001). Alemika further contributed that the definition of juvenile delinquency as well as concern about its manifestation, and control are influenced by a configuration of historical, political, social and economic conditions.
Therefore, juvenile delinquency is broadly defined to any act in violation of criminal law, committed by a person defined under law as a juvenile, which if had been committed by an adult will be treated as crime or criminal conduct (Muncie, 1999). Alemika et al (2001) define Juvenile as the violation of the criminal codes regulating the behavior of young persons in the society.
Juvenile crime is usually termed delinquency (Jayamala 2008). In addition, Onyehalu (2003) argues that any departure from the accepted norms by people who are not yet adult is delinquency. However, Bingham; Shope, and Raghunathan (2006) refer to such behaviours which are socially proscribed or prohibited as problem behaviours.
Any behaviour that falls short of societal norms, values, beliefs and expectations are undesirable behaviours (Okorodudu & Okorodudu 2003). Juvenile delinquency is noted by Ekojo and Adole (2008) as gang delinquency. Okorodudu (2010) further defines gangs delinquent as a group of adolescents and youths that exhibit criminal behaviour.
Deliquent behaviour could exist in different forms or patterns. Patterns of delinquent behaviours refer to forms or practices in which adolescents’ delinquency exists. It means different ways by which delinquent behaviour manifest in the dealings and activities of adolescents. For example, Sanni, Nsisong, Abayomi , Modo and Leonard (2010) associated adolescents’ delinquent behaviours to vandalism, drug abuse, weapon carrying, alcohol abuse, rape, examination malpractices, school violence, and bullying, cultism, truancy and school drop-outs and so on.
Onyejiaku (1991) stressed that delinquency covers an enormous rage on crime including felonies such as robbery, assault or misdemeanors such as loitering and behaviours that are illegal.
Eke (2004) categories delinquent behaviours into two, that which frequently feature across towns and cities in Nigeria. These are Criminal and Status offences. The criminal offences include stealing, arson, rape, drug offences and murder, burglary, pick pocket, and armed robbery.
However, she listed status offences to include; running away from home, malingering and truancy. On the global scale, Armando (1989) classified youth gangs or delinquency into four types: criminal, conflict, retreatist, and cult/occult gangs.
Criminal gangs have a primary goal, that is, material gain through criminal activities such as theft of property from people or premises, extortion, fencing, and drug trafficking. Conflict Gangs engage in violent conflict with individuals of rival groups that invade their neighbourhood or commit acts that they consider degrading or insulting.
Retreatist gangs focus on getting “high” or “leaded” alcohol, cocaine, marijuana, heroin or other drugs. Individuals tend to join this type of gang to secure continued access to drugs. Cult/Occult Gangs engage in devil or evil worship cult which refers to systematic worshipping of evil or the devil; occult implies keeping something secret or hidden or a belief in supernatural or mysterious powers.
Similarities in the basic characteristics of juvenile group behaviour are found in almost every class and cultural context. Juvenile peer groups are noted for their high levels of social cohesiveness, hierarchical organization, and a certain code of behaviour based on the rejection of adult values and experience. The subcultural aspect of juvenile group activities is rarely given the attention it deserves (The World Youth Report, 2003).
Different juvenile groups adopt what amounts to a heterogeneous mix, or synthesis, of predominant (class-based) values, which are spread by the entertainment industry, and intergenerational (group-based) values, which are native to the family or neighbourhood. Subcultures can be defined as particular lifestyle systems that are developed in groups and are in structurally subordinate positions as a result of pressure exerted by the predominant systems (The World Youth Report, 2003).
Some of the reasons or causes of adolescents’ juvenile delinquency as identified by Eke (2004) and Okorodudu (2010) unmet needs of youths by the family, neighbourhood or traditional community institutions (such as the schools, police, recreational and religious institutions) and government. Factors, in the home environments, like poverty, ill-treatment, alcoholic parents, broken family life, may drive the juvenile to the streets to commit delinquencies.
Family attitudes, like overprotection, rejection, lack of love, lack of response from parents, lack of suitable ideal and lack of discipline may also drive a child to criminal activities (Jayamala, 2008). Researches indicate that the family environment is an important variable in the development of delinquency.
Gorman-Smith, and Tolan (1998) discovered that parental conflicts and parental aggressiveness predicted involvement in property crime. Wright and Wright (1995) study shows that single-parent families produce more delinquent children than two-parent families.
Many researchers agree that the foundation of adolescent delinquency is rooted in the kind of home the adolescent is brought up (Utti, 1996; Odebunmi, 2007; Otuadah, 2008). The basis for good behaviour orientation and good adolescents’ attitude development is founded on positive parenting. Okpako (2004) stated that the parents should be blamed and be made to take responsibility for the misfortunes that befall the adolescents.
Obinyan (2004) opined that the two oldest most widely accepted conclusions in criminology are first, that involvement in crime diminishes with age and second, that males are more likely than females to offend at every age. Youngsters between the ages of 8 and 14 begin to confide less in parents and more in peers and to be more influenced by those peers for assistance in making decisions about what behaviour to adopt (Paikoff & Brooks-Gun, 1991).
There is a huge variation in age factor of adolescent from one society to another. Arrests data show that the intensity of criminal behaviour slackens after the teens and it continues to decline with age. Much research indicate that males are more likely to participate in crime compared to females (Chisney-Lind, 1997; Snyder & Sickmund, 2006) and that individual offending rates tend to peak in late adolescence then drop off in early adulthood (Blumstein & National Research Council 1986).
Juvenile delinquency is a complex problem that exacts a substantial and continuing toll on the society (Mulvey, 1997). Brown (1998) opined that juvenile delinquency is one of the many serious social problems some children confront on a regular basis and that there physical, psychological and financial cost to society.
The consequences of delinquency will forever change the lives of the offenders and their victims. Brown (1998) posited that the concern about juvenile crime is widely shared by the federal, state and local government officials and by the public. Hence, radical steps have to be taken in order to curb this problem.
The manifestation of delinquency among secondary school students has remained an age long problem in the Nigerian secondary school system. In a study carried out by Ajake, Etuk and Omori (2010), it was shown that there is a high rate of school complains about student’s delinquency.
The extent to which parents and other adults in the family make provision for the holistic growth of their adolescent, with the view of curbing societal ills has generated a lot of concern in the contemporary Nigeria as a whole.
Increased attention is being given to the ability of individual and family to successfully remedy the negative impact of delinquency. It is against this background that this study deems it fit to investigate the patterns and causes of juvenile delinquency as expressed by secondary school students in Ibarapa Local Government Area, Oyo State.
Statement of the Problem
In the past four decades and so there has been increasing concern about the behaviours that children exhibit in schools (particularly in the middle and high schools). The school authority has blamed adolescent students for increased disorder and crime without acknowledgement of the multiple risk factors that may have cause juvenile delinquency. Increase in juvenile delinquency, high rate of early school dropouts in both girls and boys, increase in the numbers of street children and high rate of crime, continue to elicit concerns in the community.
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