Download complete project material on Civil – Military Relations And National Security In Nigeria
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Title Page- – – – – – – – – – – i
Certification- – – – – – – – – – ii
Approval – – – – – – – – – – – iii
Dedication- – – – – – – – – – – iv
Acknowledgement- – – – – – – – – v
Table of Contents- – – – – – – – – vi
Abstract- – – – – – – – – – – xii
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study- – – – – – –
1.2 Statement of the Problem- – – – – – –
1.3 Research Questions – – – – – – –
1.4 Objectives of the Study – – – – – – –
1.5 Significance of the Study- — – – – – –
1.6 Research Assumptions – – – – – – –
1.7 Scope and Limitations of the Study- – – – – –
1.8 Research Methodology – – – – – – –
1.9 Conceptual Clarification – – – – – – –
CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review and Theoretical Framework
2.1 Needs for Civil Military Relations – – – – –
2.2 Civil-Military Relations in Democratic settings – – – –
2.3 Civil-Military Relations in Transitional Societies – – –
2.4 Civil-Military in Nigeria- – – – – – – –
2.5 Theoretical Framework – – – – – – –
CHAPTER THREE: Historical Background
3.1 History of Nigerian Army – – – – – –
3.2 History of Civil-Military Relations – – – – –
Chapter Four: An Assessment of Civil-Military Relations in Nigeria
4.1 Introduction – – – – – – – – –
4.2 Efforts at Subordinating the Armed Forces to Civil Authority –
4.3 Reprofessionalising The Armed Forces – – – –
4.4 Defence Headquarters Efforts at Building CMR in the Armed Forces-
4.5 The Extent of CMR Attainment Since Return to Democracy –
4.6 Challenges of Civil-Military Relations for the Nigerian Armed Forces
4.7 Strategies for Enhancing the Relationship – – – –
CHAPTER FIVE: Conclusion and Recommendations
5.1 Summary – – – – – – – – – –
5.2 Conclusion- – – – – – – – – –
5.3 Recommendations- – – – – – – –
Bibliography- – – – – – – – –
Appendices
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The complications associated with modern battlefields have influenced the crafting of strategy towards employment of technological products for reasons of lethality and operational fluidity. Also, humanitarian considerations have become essential, leading to the adoption of the Manoeuvrist Approach to Warfare (MAW) in place of the Attritionists’ Approach to Warfare (AAW) that demonized the profession through the last centuries. Without prejudice to humanitarian concerns associated with the MAW in populated areas remain pronounced, thereby necessitating military engagement in relieving affected civilian populations.
Diamond, (2002) said that a civil-military relation in liberal democracy in Nigeria is confronted with the limitations connected to the challenges of institutionalizing democratic norms. This creates a lacuna in Nigeria’s civil-military relations, a deep underlying structural distortion posing a grave challenge to the national democratization process. In fact, observers of the Nigerian political scene have queried the view that Nigeria returned to civilian democratic rule in 1999 following the massive election rigging in 1999, 2003 and 2007, respectively.
The military exists throughout history and is widely viewed as the “shield and sword of the state” (Adache 2007:38). Most nations have armed forces with their roles stipulated in the country’s constitution. One of the cardinal objects of a nation’s vital interests is the defence of its territorial integrity by its armed forces and this is sacrosanct. In spite of the armed forces’ sacred role however, their position in the context of national political hierarchy is often a source of debate and intense emotion.
CMR has grown over the years beyond just the concern about civil supremacy or control over the military. Thus, James (2002) observes that CMR in any country especially in a democracy is determined by several factors. These include; history of the military as an institution; political culture of the country; the political economy of the state; external factors, the characters and training of the officer corps; the characters and disposition of the political leadership and the constitution of the country.
Relationship between the military and civil society as enunciated by Ngoma (2006:6) takes two dimensions: “the first at the ‘people level’ while the second is a rather complex manner with governmental structures- a phenomenon that entails application of the ‘catch’ terms of civilian control or oversight”( 2006:6). In addition, the constantly changing realities and traumatic socio-political history of the African continent, together with the general unstable economic environment, have affected civil-military relations on the continent.
In this regard therefore, the socio-political history and economic conditions of countries in Africa define the nature and character of civil-military relations Ngoma (2006:8). Perhaps the fusion of warriors and rulers in traditional African societies like what appears in Nigeria question the possibility of an effective civilian control of armed forces in the polity. Not to mention the prolonged military rule with its deleterious effect on civil-military relations in Nigeria what Ebo describes as “the inversion of civil-military relations, with the structure of the relationship literarily standing on its head” (Ebo, A 2005:1).
Some of the studies therefore do not go beyond analyzing the role of military as outlined in the constitution, the cause of military rule and its consequences on the political process. One thus examines the conditional (or exigential) factors that evolved during the course of military rules and how these factors have affected military relations with civilian authorities in order to determine civil-military behavior in the on-going Fourth Republic
. It also marks a departure from past studies by adopting Feaver’s (2003) model of day-to-day strategic interaction as a feature o f his ‘agency theory’, while simultaneously determining the level of civilian control by using Samuel Fitch criteria. This enhances the possibility of combining traditions and theories which have not previously been connected. Admittedly,
Admittedly, there has been a concentration of research on civil-military relations in established democracies. Hence, major theories on civil-military relations were developed particularly for these democracies. For example, Huntington (1957), Janowitz (1960), Bland (1999), Feaver (2003) all focused their theories on established democracies. Combining traditions and theories that seem unrelated will enable this study to be situated within the stream of knowledge seeking to produce new understandings in the study of civil-military relations particularly as it relates to transitional democracies.
Instability in a post-military state like Nigeria is proportional to civil-military behavior. This behavior may reach a crisis level, or a relatively stable or balanced level, which is proportional to high, average or low political instability. Relationship by focusing on the constitutional role of the military in a democracy. However, this study attempts to investigate how the conditional factors of the military as an institution have shaped or are shaping the nature and character of civil-military relations in the polity against the backdrop of the importance and the need to consolidate.
The importance of good relation between the military and civil populace cannot be over-emphasised (NATO Civil-Military Co-operation, 2001:1-1). A number of internal security operations that the Nigerian Armed Forces is currently conducting in the Niger Delta and other parts of the country calls for a co-ordinated approach to the integration of the civilian dimension into operational plans. This is to avoid misinterpretation, misrepresentation of the intentions and actions of the military. This is important to ensure that internal security (IS) operations do not undermine national security. It is in this light that this study seeks to answer the following questions:
National democracy. Henry Bienen once stated that most studies on civil-military relations in the third world neglect: “the institutional characteristics of the military organization and political process which is a germane issue that needs investigation in third world civil-military relations” (Bienen, 1981:116). It is in this respect, therefore, that an attempt to examine the military organization, the political process and democratization in this study will combine studies on democratization and transition research with theories of civil-military relations.
It further ensures the possibilities of applying civil-military relations theories that were derived and focused on developed democracies to transitional democracies. Furthermore, the study attempts to apply Feaver’s ‘agency theory’, with particular emphasis on strategic interaction as a feature of the theory. This is further explored in the next chapter the arguments in relevant literatures on the theoretical and empirical aspects of civil military relations
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