Download complete project materials on Evaluation Of Physicochemical Properties Of Residential Borehole Water In Nigeria (A Case Study Of Kaduna Metropolis)
CHAPTER ONE
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1.0Â INTRODUCTION
1.1Â BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Ground water on a global scale represents the world’s largest and most important source of fresh potable water (Haward, 1997). Ground water provides potable water to an estimated 1.5 billion people worldwide (DFID 2001), and has proved to be the most reliable source for meeting rural water demand in sub- Saharan African (MacDonald et al., 2002).
Due to inability of government to meet the ever changing and increasing water demands, most people in rural, semi urban, and urban areas resort to ground water source such as Boreholes as an alternate water sources, Thus human can abstract groundwater through a borehole which is drilled into the aquifer for industrial, agriculture and domestic use. However, ground water resources are commonly vulnerable to pollution which may degrade their quality (MacDonald et al., 2002).
Generally, groundwater quality varies from place to place, sometimes depending on seasonal changes, the types of soil, rock and surfaces through which it moves (Trivede et al., 2010). Naturally occurring contaminants are present in the rocks and sediments. As groundwater flows through sediments, metals such as iron, manganese, cadmium, chromium, lead, arsenic are dissolved and may later be found in high concentration in the water (Moyo, 2003).
In addition, human activities can alter the natural composition of ground water through the disposal or dissemination of chemicals and microbial matter on the land surface and into soils, or through injection of wastes directly into groundwater (Seit, 2014). Industrial discharge, urban activities, agriculture, and disposal of waste can affect groundwater quality (Govindarajan et al., 2004).
Pesticides and fertilizers applied to lawns and crops accumulate and migrate to the water tables; thus effecting physical, chemicals and micro-biological quality of water (Govindarajan et al., 2004). In rural Africa, where the most types of sanitation are the pit latrines, this poses great risks on the microbial quality of groundwater.
For instance, a septic tank and can introduce bacteria to water; pesticides and fertilizer that seep into formed soils can eventually end up in the water drawn from a borehole. Poor sanitary completion of boreholes may lead to contamination of groundwater, proximity of some boreholes to solid wastes dumpsites and animals’ droppings being littered around them could also contaminate the quality of groundwater (Bello et al., 2013).
The National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control laboratory, Oshodi, in the year 2003 analyzed some borehole water samples for registration purpose, and the majority of the samples analyzed showed high microbial load (NAFDAC, 2003).
Studies carried out by Ibanga et al. (1999) on selected water sources including underground water in Calabar indicated that the physicochemical parameters, biological oxygen demand (BOD), silica and pH were positively correlated with indicator bacteria with counts reaching a maximum of 520 faecal coliforms per 100ml.
The quality of the water samples therefore did not conform to the approved WHO standard for drinking water.
Therefore, ground water quality monitoring and testing is of paramount importance both in developed and developing world (Nash, 1994).
The key to sustainable water resources is to ensure that quality of water resources are suitable for their intended uses, while at the same time allowing them to be used and developed to a certain extent.
Although surface water is the main source of water supply in Nigeria, groundwater is extensively utilized, particularly in rural, semi urban and urban areas with only about half of the country’s groundwater resources (around 8000 million m3/a) being used (Van Vuune, 2013).
Kaduna, in northwestern Nigeria is one of the several areas in Nigeria whose population depends solely on groundwater. Some metropolis in Kaduna such as Kawo, Sabo and Tudun Wada, are faced with water challenges hence the efforts by individuals to provide private source of waters is inevitable.
Majority of the surrounding areas are not connected to the public water system and individuals in these communities make use of boreholes, which are either equipped with various electric, diesel or solar pumps.
The quality of water from these sources varies, but usually in some areas it may contain huge amount of nitrates and this is of particular concern. High levels of salinity, high hardness and microbiological problems have also been reported in some groundwater. Water quality problems have partly been associated with inadequate sanitation.
However, it has also been observed that the source of this groundwater might be contaminated through solid waste dumpsites and thus there is an inherent risk of pollution of the groundwater aquifer which supplies the individual.
It is therefore against the background that the physico-chemical and bacteriological parameter’s of  residential borehole water in Kaduna metropolis (Kawo, Sabo and Tudun Wada) was assessed to ascertain if the  borehole water is within the acceptable standards for human consumption as set by world health organization (WHO).
1.2Â STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Groundwater sources are being increasingly used as drinking water yet, testing to see whether the water is of good quality is almost non-existent. Although it is true that soils generally function to reduce the effect of micro-organisms by a simple filtration mechanism, especially larger bacterial and protozoa, pollution of groundwater by micro-organisms, especially the located near septic tanks or landfills significantly do occur.
Heavy metals are natural components of the earth’s crust. They cannot be degraded or destroyed. To an extent they enter our bodied via food, drinking water and air.
As trace elements, some heavy metals (e.g. copper, selenium, zinc) are essential to maintain the metabolism of human body. However at higher concentration they can lead to poisoning and cancer.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The general objective of this study is carrying out water quality analysis on water samples obtained from randomly selected residential boreholes in Kaduna metropolis.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
- Evaluate physicochemical properties of residential borehole water in Kaduna metropolis.
- Evaluate the bacteriological properties of residential borehole water in Kaduna metropolis
- Determine whether the borehole water is within acceptable standards for human consumption as prescribed by the world health organization.
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