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CHAPTER ONE
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1.0 Introduction
Carica papaya belongs to the family caricacea. It is herbaceous succulent plant with self supporting stems. It is a large tree plant with single growing from 5 – 10 meters tall with sparty arranged leaves centured to the top of the truck, the lower truck is auspiciously scarred where leaves and fruit were borne. The tree is usually branched and is a perennial plat (Bruce and Peter, 2007).
Carica papaya is pulp the basic component of many facial creams shalves and used as a local antiseptic. It is a rich source of three powerful antioxidant vitamin A =, B, C and E, the minerals, magnesium and potassium. The B vitamin panothenic acid and folate and fibre. The fruit is an excellent source of beta carotene that prevents damage caused by free radicals that may cause some forms of cancer, it is reported that it helps in prevention diabetic, heart disease (Aravind et al., 2013).
They are trees that can reach up to 9m in height when growing but which seldom exceed in wild. The papaya tree has got a hollow trunk, dark green or purple with no branches except a few ones that are born at the top, reminding those of palms. The plant when broken exudes latex and the leaves are palmate –composite, alternative till 80cm in length from which the petiole is about half a meter long.
The fruit are barriers with a very tasty meat inside them, the black seeds surrounded by a gelatinous layer. The plant is properly a large herb growing at the rate of 6 – 10ft, 1-8-3m the first year and reaching 20 – 30ft 6-9m in height. The plant is recognized by its weak and usually imbranched soft stem yielding copious while latex and stalked leaves is rapidly growing and can grow up to 20m tall.
Traditionally leaves have been used for treatment of a wide range of ailments e.g malaria, jaundice, immunodulation and antiviral activitie and dangue. Young leaves are rich in flavoniod kaemfferol and myricetin) alkaloid, curpaine, pseudocarpain dehydrocarbain I and II), phenalic compounds, perulic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid), the cynogenetic compounds benzylglucosinolate found in leaves, leaves being an important part of several traditional formulation are undertaking for standardized for various parameter like moisture content, extractive values, ash content, swelling index (Anjum et al.,2003).
Antibacterial Activity Of Plant
Plants based antibacterial represent a vast untapped source for medicines and further exploration of plants. Antibacterial of plants origin have enourmous therapeutic potentials. Human infectious particularly those involving micro organisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses cause serious infection in tropical and sub tropical countries of the world. Bacteria have the genetic ability to transmit and acquire resistance to drugs which are utilized as therapeutic agents. (Nerner, 1999).
1.2 Ethnomedicinal Uses of Carica papaya
Carica papaya pulp is the basic component of many facial creams, shalves and used as a local antiseptic. It is a rich souce of antioxidant vitamin A, B and E, magnesisum, potassium, B vitamins, panothonic acid and folate. The plant is an excellent source of beta carotene that prevents damage coursed by free radicals which may results to cancer.
Carica papaya helps to prevent diabetic and heart disease (Aravind,et al., 2013) traditionally, the C. papaya leaves have been used for treatment of a wide range of ailments such as malaria and jaundice.
1.3 Botanical characteristics of Carica papaya
Carica papaya belongs to the family caricacea, it is herbaceous succulent plants with self supporting sterus. It is a large tree plant with single rgowing from 5 – 10 meters tall with sparty arranged leaves confirmed to the top of the truck, the lower truck is conspicuously scarred where leaves and fruits were borne. The tree is usually branched and is a perennial plant (Bruce and Peter, 2007).
The 5 – retailed flowers are fleshy, waxy and slightly stalked pistillate 9female) flowers waxy and ivory – white or hormophrodite (perfect) flowers (i.e having female and male organs) ivory – white with bright – yellow anthers and borne on short stalks, while others may bears aily staminate (male) flowers clustered on panicles to 5 – 6 ft 1/5 – 1/8m long.
There may even be microceous plants having both male and female flowers. Some plants at certain season produce short – stalk male flowers at the other times perfect flowers. this change of sex may occur temporarly during high temperature in missummer. Some all – malic plants occasionally bear at the tip of the spray small flowers with perfect pistles nad those produce abnormally stender fruits.
The skin is waxy and thin, but fairly tough, when the fruit is green and hard, it is rich in white latex as it ripens, it becomes light or deep yellow externally and the thick wall of succulent flesh becomes aromatic, yellow orange or various shades of salmon or red.
It is then juicy, sweetish and somewhat like a centoupe in flavor, in some types quite musky. Attached lightly to the wall of soft, white fibrous tissue are usually numerous smally, black, ovoid, corrugated , pappery seeds about 3116 in 5mm long, each coated with transparent galatinus aril (Bhattacharjee, 2001).
1.4 Phytochemicals associated with Carica papaya
The main phytochemicals present in Carica papaya includes, benzylusothiocyanate, and trans 2, 6 – dimethy 1 – 3, 6 – epoxy – 7 acteri 2 – 01 carpain, benzyl – D – glucoside, all found in the C. papaya fruits. (Antonella, et al, 2007).
papaya seeds contain carpaine, benzylisothiocyanata glucotropapacolin, benzylthiourea, hentriacontane, carpican and enzymes myrosin. The bark contains glucose, fructose, sucrose and xylitol, whereas the latex protease enzyme papain and chymopapain, glutamine, cyctotransferase, chymopapain A, B and C, peptidare A and B, lysozymes..
The C. papaya leaves contain phenolic acids as the main compounds while chlorgenic acid was found in trace amounts compared to the flavonoids and comarin compounds (Antonella,et al 2007).
1.5 Bacterial Food Poisoning
Bacterial food poisoning is caused by consuming food that contain bacteria toxin. Food poisoning may include one or more of the following symptoms; vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, cramps, flu like symptom e.g headache, high temperature. This food poisoning can have serious consequences, especially for the very young, the elderly and those already ill.
Some cases of food poisoning involve colorizations, and reproduction of bacteria in the gastro intestinal tract, while others arise from preformed toxins in food. food poisoning may results from viral, fungal or chemical contamination and may be short lived or self limited e.g Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus or prolonged with severe symptoms and complication. e.g campylobacter spp, Escherichia coli, Shigella spp.
1.6 Bacteria Associated with food poisoning
Escherichia coli is a bacterium, shaped like a rod which usually found within the lower intestine of warm blooded animals. The strain of bacteria is able to live for relatively short period of time outside the body and this enables it to be detected within foods and water.
There are several strain of E. coli which are 0.157.117 and 0104: H21 strain which reside within the lower intestine. The strain can normally be found in raw or under cooked meat especially beef, unwashed vegetables, unpasteurized milk and milk which has become infected (Elliot, 2007).
Symptoms of E. coli
Once these bacteria have invaded the digestive system, they reproduce very quickly within the large intestine and they attacked the cells within the lining of the intestine causing abdominal pain, watery diarrhea, nausea (Charles, 2011).
Treatment of E. coli
It involves drinking fluids which contain electrolytes in order to top up low levels of vitamins and minerals and plenty of rest and support from people close by to him/her (Charles, 2011)
Aims and Objectives
This study aimed to evaluate antibacterial effect of Carica papaya ethanolic and aqueous seed and leaves extract against bacteria isolated from “kilishi”.
Specifically it intends to:
- Determine bacteria load of kilishi sold within Kaduna metropolis
- Isolation and identify bacteria associated with “kilishi” sold within Kaduna metropolis
- Determine antibacterial effect of Carica papaya against bacteria isolated from “kilishi”
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