Phytochemical Screening And Antimicrobial Activity Extract Of Ripe Plantain Fruit

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

Plants have been used for phytomedicine since times immemorial. Man is able to obtain from them a wondrous assortment of industrial chemicals. Plant based natural constituents can be derived from any part of the plant like bark, leaves, flowers, roots, fruits, seeds, etc. (i.e any part of the plant may contain active components).

The systematic screening of plant species for the purpose of discovering new bioactive compounds is a routine activity in many laboratories. Scientific analysis of plant components follows a logical pathway. Plants are collected either randomly or by following  supplied by local healers in geographical areas where the plants are found (Parekh et al., 2006).

Plant-derived substances have recently become of great interest owing to their versatile applications. Medicinal plants are the richest bio-resource of drugs of traditional systems of medicine, modern medicines, food supplements, pharmaceutical intermediates and chemical entities for synthetic drugs (Ncube et al., 2008).

Extraction (as the term is pharmaceutically used) is the separation of medicinally active portions of plant and animal tissues using selective solvents through standard procedures. The products obtained from plants are relatively complex mixture of metabolites, in liquid semisolid state or dry powdered form and intended for oral or external use.

These include classes of preparations known as decoctions, infusions, fluid extracts, tinctures, pilular (semisolid) extracts or powdered extracts. Such preparations have been popularly called galenicals named after Galen, the second century Greek physician (Handa et al., 2008).

Extraction methods used pharmaceutically involves the separation of medicinally active portions of plant tissues from the inactive/inert components by using selective solvents. During extraction, solvents diffuse into the solid plant material and solubilize compound with similar polarity. (Lapornik et al., 2005).

The purpose of standardize extraction procedure for crude drugs (medicinal plant parts) is to obtain the therapeutically desired portions and to eliminate unwanted material by treatment with a selective solvent known as menstrum.

The extract thus obtained after standardization may be used as medicinal agents in the form of tinctures  of fluid extracts or further processed to be incorporated in any dosage form such as tablets and capsules. These products contains complex mixture of many medicinal plant metabolites such as alkaloids, glycosides terpenoids, flavonoids and lignans (Bimakr 2010).

The general techniques of medicinal plant extraction include maceration, infusion, percolation, digestion Decoction, soxhlet extraction aqueous-alcoholic extraction counter current extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound extraction (sonication), supercritical fluid extraction and phytonic extraction (with hydrofluorocarbon solvents).

For aromatic plants, hydrodistillation techniques (water distillation, steam distillation, water and steam distillation), hydrolytic maceration followed by distillation, may be employed. Some of the latest extraction methods for aromatic plants include headspace trapping, solid phase micro-extraction, protoplast extraction, micro-distillation, thermomicro-distillation and molecular distillation (Das et al., 2010)

The basic parameters influencing the quality of an extract are:

1. Plant part used as starting material
2. Solvent used for extraction
3. Extraction procedure (Wang, 2010).

Effect of extracted plant phytochemicals depends on:

1. The nature of the plant material
2. It’s origin
3. Degree of processing
4. Moisture content
5. Particle size (Cowan 1999).

The variations in different extraction methods that will affect quantity and secondary metabolite composition of an extract quantity and secondary metabolite composition of an extract depends upon:

1. Type of extraction
2. Time of extraction
3. Temperature
4. Nature of solvent
5. Solvent concentration
6. Polarity

Justification

Plantain have been used locally/traditionally in the treatment of ailments such as ulcer. This is what made it compulsory to find the bioactive components/secondary metabolites present in it and to also subject it to antimicrobial screening.

Aims Of The Research

To carryout phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of the method extract of ripe plantain fruit.  

Objectives

To extract the ripe plantain fruit using method by cold marceration method

To subject the extract to phytochemical screening

To carryout antimicrobial activity screening of the extract

 

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