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ABSTRACT
Some physicochemical analyses and total coliform count of borehole water samples from Barnawa Kaduna State were determined. Ten (10) samples were collected and were analyzed for pH, temperature, turbidity, colour, conductivity, alkalinity, total hardness, chloride ion and total coliform count.
The results obtained shows that pH of water samples ranges from 6.00 – 7.00, temperature ranges from 27.50 – 32.00oC, conductivity ranges from 93.80 – 500 s/cm, with exception of samples A3 which was above the limit set by (WHO) of 500 s/cm, turbidity ranges from 1.30 – 4.15 NTU with exception of sample A6 which was above the maximum permissible limit set by (WHO), chloride ion was from 21.30 – 93.72mg/L, alkalinity was 28.00 – 94.00 mg/L, with exception of samples A2 & A3 which were slightly above the (WHO) standards, hardness of water was from 60.00 – 158.00 mg/L. The total colifrom count showed some contamination of the samples A1, A2, A3, A4, A6, A8, & A9, with enterobacter and other coliform.
Table of Content
Title page
Declaration
Approval page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE
1.0Â Â Â Introduction
1.1Â Â Â Water as a Universal Solvent
1.2Â Â Â Sources of Water
1.2.1 Surface Water
1.2.2 Underground Water
1.2.3 Atmospheric Water Generation
1.3Â Â Â Justification of the Study
1.4Â Â Â Aims and Objectives
CHAPTER TWO
2.0Â Â Â Literature Review
2.1Â Â Â Pollution
2.2Â Â Â Water Pollution
2.3Â Â Â Water Pollutants
2.3.1 Physical Pollutants (Suspended Matter)
2.3.2 Microbiological Pollutants
2.3.3 Chemical Pollutants
2.4Â Â Â Parameters for Analysis
2.4.1 pH
2.4.2. Temperature
2.4.3 Turbidity
2.4.5 Colour
2.4.6 Conductivity
2.4.6 Alkalinity
2.4.7 Total Hardness
2.4.8 Chloride Ion
2.4.9 Â Total Coliform
CHAPTER THREE
3.0Â Â Â Materials and Method
3.1Â Â Â Sampling
3.2Â Â Â Samples Storage
3.3Â Â Â Physicochemical Analysis
3.4Â Â Â Total Coliform Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0Â Â Â Results
4.1Â Â Â Sample Analyses
4.2Â Â Â Table 1: Showing Results for Physicochemical Analyses
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Â Â Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1Â Â Â Discussion
5.2Â Â Â Conclusion
5.3Â Â Â Recommendation
REFERENCE
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
       Water is essential for life yet millions of people around the world face water shortage. Water is a major solvent in the body and accounts  for 65-75% of the total weight of an average human being (Annan and Idiata, 2006). Something like 40 percent of the human races do not have adequate access to safe water. Water borne diseases are estimated to kill more than 25,000 people daily (Annan and Idiata, 2006).
Water is a common chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of life. Water covers 71 percents of the earth surfaces. A very small amount of the earth’s water is contained      within biological bodies and manufactured product, other water is trapped in ice caps, glacier, acquifer or in lakes, sometimes providing fresh water life on land (David, 1999).
Only fresh water which is naturally occurring water on the earth’s surface that is contained in ponds, lakes, streams and rivers and underground water sources can be used for human consumption. At least 50% of the rural population in African lives unplanned settlement.
These people are generally poor, living on less than $1 (US dollar) per day. Poor provision of such essential services as water supply sanitation, health and education, exacerbates the plight of the poor     (http: //netwas.org).
Water move continually through a circle of evaporation, transpiration, precipitation and run-off eventually reaching the sea.
Clean fresh drinking water is a necessity to human and other life. Access to safe drinking water has improved steadily and substantially over the last decade in almost every part of the world (WHO and       UNICEF, 2005).
Water is a unique compound due to its physical and chemical properties. A sample of pure water is colorless, odorless and tasteless, a good solvent for ionic crystals and some organic compounds, a good conductor of heat and electricity and takes part in metabolic activities. It is also used as a scientific standard.
1.1Â Â WATER AS A UNIVERSAL SOLVENT
Water has a polar structure.
| – |
| O |
| H |
| + |
| H |
| + |
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i.e. being partially positively or negatively charge or either sides which serves as an excellent solvent for electrovalent solutes such as mineral salts, mineral acids and bases.
1.2Â Â SOURCES OF WATER
       Rain water, oceans, rivers, lakes, streams, ponds and springs are  natural sources of water. Dams, wells, tube wells, hand pumps, canal e.t.c are non-made sources of water (Denver, 1998).
1.2.1 Surface Water
Water present on the surface of the earth in the form of oceans, rivers, lakes, ponds and streams is called surface water. The water in rivers and lakes comes from rain and melting snow on mountains. Â Â Rivers flow into the sea (Denver, 1998).
1.2.2Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Underground Water
Some of the rain water steeps through the soil onto the non porous rocks below. This underground water sometimes due to high pressure sprouts out in the form of springs. It can be obtained by digging wells, sinking tube wells, e.t.c. (Denver, 1998).
1.2.3Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Atmospheric Water Generation
       Is a new technology that can provide high quality drinking water by extracting water from the air by cooling the air and thus condensing water vapors (Hyperlink, 2003).
1.3Â Â JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
Ground water from borehole is abundant in it natural form and considerably clean. It is spread well beneath the earth’s surface and the depth of extracting it largely differs from one topographical terrain to the other. At different part of the earth surface, water may contain different mineral component due to the nature of the soil or deposits of other materials. Therefore the water sample from any given points need to be analyzed to know its actual property and contents.
1.4Â Â AIMS AND OBJECTIVES.
1. To determine some physical properties that is contained in the borehole water such as pH, temperature, turbidity and compare with the standards of World Health Organization.
2. To determine some chemical properties of the borehole water such as chloride ion, hardness, total alkalinity, total acidity and compare with the standards of World Health Organization.
3. To determine the total coliform count contained in the borehole water to check for contamination’s.
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