Download complete project materials on Extraction Of Oil From Chrysophyllum Albidium (African Star Apple) Seed And Physicochemical Properties
ABSTRACT
PASS 2024 UTME WITHOUT STRESS:- 👉 DOWNLOAD and PRACTICE with 2023 UTME CBT APP 📱👈
CLICK to DOWNLOAD NOW.:- 👉 PASS Your POST UTME by Downloading Your School's Post UTME Past Questions and Answers 📱👈
The oil extracted from Chrysophyluum albidum seed, using Soxhlet extraction method with n-hexane as the solvent gave a yield of 8.05% oil. The colour of the chrysophyllum albidum seed oil was deep red with an agreeable odour, refractive index of 1.4672, pH of 5.10 and boiling point of 810C. The chemical analysis of the chrysophyllum albidum seed oil revealed that the oil had a saponification value of 185.08mgKOH/g, iodine value of 31.9 I2/100g, acid value of 4.1mgKOH/kg and peroxide value of 2.7mEq/kg. The results obtained shows that the oil can be used as lubricating oil, candle production and soap production.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Chrysophyllum albidum (African star apple) is a native of many part of tropical African. The tree grows as a wild plant and belongs to the family sapotaceae (Akinwanmi, 2008).
It is an evergreen tree that can grow up to 40 meter height and about 2 meters in girth. It has a straight and long fluted bole with small buttress at the base. The bark is thin and light brown and when incised exudes a gummy latex. The fruit when ripe is ovoid to subglobose, pointed at the apex, up to 6cm long and 5emin diameter.
The skin or peel is orange to golden yellow when ripe and the pulp are three to five seed which are not usually eaten. The seed are dark brown or blackish, obliquely ellipsoid to obovoid, up to 2.8cm long and 1.2cm wide; it coat are hard, bony, shiy and dark brown and when broken reveals white coloured cotyledons. Its leaves are elliptic to oblong (Emmanuel and Francis, 2010).
Ecologically chrysophyllum albidum is a dominant canopy tree of lowland mixed rain forest sometimes reverie. It is widely distributed from west Africa to the sudan with an eastern limit in Kakamega forest, Kenya. In Nigeria, the plant is well distributed in forest of the south-west geopolitical zone (in Ondo and Osun State), north-central geopolitical zone (Kogi and Kwara state and some parts of the south-south geopolitical zone (Edo state) (Oboh et al., 2009).
Chrysophyllum albidum is well distributed along the tropical rainforest and the guinea savanna but intensive lumbering has greatly reduced its population in Nigeria (Jayeoba et al., 2007). The plant is known as “Agbalumo” in Yoruba language (Adebayo, 2010).
The seed of this plant have been rarely exploited for the production of oil for commercial purposes, despite the fact it contain about 13wt % of edible oil. Most often the seed are thrown away after the consumption of its juicy pulp (Ochigbo and Painko, 2011).
To produce vegetable oils, the oil first needs to be removed from the oil-bearing parts like leaves and buds. This can be done via mechanical extraction using an oil mill or chemical extraction using a solvent. The extracted oil can then be purified and, if required refined or chemical altered (Onyekwelu and Stimm, 2011).
Solvent extraction provides the best means of removing oil form the plant seeds, leaving a residuce of less than 1% oil (Ochingbo and Paiko, 2011).
The processing vegetable oil in commercial application is commonly done by chemical extraction using solvent extracts, which produce higher yield and is quicker and less expensive. The most ideal solvent are non-polar solvents such as n-hexane and petroleum ether. Supercritical carbon dioxide can be used as a (Ehiagbonare et al., 2008).
Oils usually differ from one another in their physical and chemical properties (Ochigbo and paiko, 2011).
These properties go a long way establishing the purity of the oil and its uses and application such as whether it is suitable for cooking ideal for soap making, its storage potentials etc. the physical properties include PH, specific index while the chemical properties include acid value saponification value, peroxide value and iodine value.
1.2 SCOPE AND LIMITATION
The research is limited to extracting oil chroysophyllum albidium. Seeds obtained from Kasuwar Barci market, Abumutali International School, and L.E.A Kargi Kaduna. This study is also limited to the employment of solvent extraction using soxhlet extractor as well as n-hexane as solvent.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVE
The overall aim of this project is to extract oil from chrysophyllum albidium (African star apple) seed and to determine some of its physicochemical properties. oil extracted from Chrysophyluum albidum seed, using Soxhlet extraction method with n-hexane
Other specific objectives include:
1. To extract oil form chrysophyllum albidum (African star apple) seed using the soxhlet extraction with n-hexane as solvent.
2. To determine some physical parameters of the chrysophyllum albidum (African star apple) seed oil.
3. To determine some chemical properties of the extracted oil of chrysophyllum albidium (African star apple) seed oil.
SEE >> HOW TO DOWNLOAD THE COMPLETE PROJECT (CHAPTER 1-5) NOW
>GUARANTTEE|:| Score 280 Above in 2024 UTME👉 DOWNLOAD FREE JAMB CBT APP HERE:.: GURRANTTEE Score 280 Above in 2022 UTME👉 DOWNLOAD FREE JAMB CBT APP HERE 📱👈WISH TO STUDY & LIVE in UK?:- STUDY, WORK AND LIVE IN the UK Application Form NOW OUT. Call 08030447894
