Download complete project materials on Determination Of Phytochemicals Present In The Leaves Of Tropical Almond (Terminalia Catappa)
ABSTRACT
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The leaves of tropical almond (Terminalia catappa) were extracted using methol by marceration. The extract was further subjected to Plytochemical screening, oral acute toxicity (LD50) evaluation and antimicrobial activity test. The Plytochemical analysis indicates the presence of phenols, Steroids, Glycosides, Tannins, alkaloids and Flavonoids while terpenes, carbohydrates protein and Saponins were absent. The oral acute toxicity (LD50) evaluation reveals that the toxicity is > 5000mg/kg since no causality was recorded throughout.
Invitro antimicrobial activity was investigated against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Helicobacter pylori, Shigella dysentreae, Candida albicans and Candida krusei using disc diffusion method. The extract was sensitive against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus Cereus, Escherichia Coli, Salmonella Typhi and Shigella Dysentreae with inhibition zone of 25, 23, 27, 22 and 26mm respectively.
The extract also reveals the Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) of 2.5, 5, 2.5, 5 and 2.5mg/ml respectively against Staphylococcus Aurcus, Bacillus Cereus, Escherichia Coli, Salmonella Typhi and Shigella dysentreae.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Content
Cover page
Title page
Dedication
Declaration
Approval page
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of contents
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Toxicity
1.2 Medicinal plant
1.3 Justification
1.4 Aims and objective
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review
2.1 Description of the plant
2.2 Plant taxonomy
2.2.1 Plant classification
2.3 Nutritional value of tropical almond
2.4 Pharmacological uses
2.4.1 Antidabetic potential
2.4.2 Antioxidant activity
2.4.3 Antiulcer potential
2.4.5 Aphrodisiac potential
2.5 Phytochemicals
2.5.1 How phytochemicals work
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Material and method
3.1 Animals
3.2 Collection of plant material
3.3 Identification of plant material
3.4 Preparation of plant material
3.5 Phytochemical screening
3.5.1 Test for alkaloids
3.5.3 Test for saponin
3.5.4 Test for terpenes
3.5.5 Test for phenols
3.5.6 Test for tannin
3.5.7 Test for flavonoids
3.5.8 Test for carbohydrates
3.6 Test for proteins
3.6.1 Biuret test
3.6.2 Test for steroids
3.6.3 Test for saponins
3.7 Acute toxicity studies
3.8 Antimicrobial screening
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussions, conclusion and recommendations
5.1 Discussion
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendations
Reference
Appendix
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The use of crude herbal remedies in the form of water-based extracts, tinctures and concoctions is highest in individuals affected with chronic diseases like cancer, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), diabetes mellitus and arthritis. This trend is aggravated by the poor socio-economic situation, ignorance and exorbitant cost of most western medicines. The search for new drugs has turned researchers to plant sources for the active molecules (Guzdeck and Nizankwoska, 2006).
Terminalia catappa (Tropical almond) is a medium size tropical tree whose branches form a layer of canopy and is also known as “umbrella tree” in Nigeria. All parts of the plant are used in traditional medicine. The leaves have been shown to posess hepatoprotective property (Wee, 2001) and a potential in the management of sickle cell disorders (Tan et al., 2011).
The dried leaves are used for fish pathogen treatment as an alternative of antibiotics. The leaves have antioxidants as well as anti-clastogenic properties (i.e its ability to inhibit damage to chromosomes which may results from the action of benzene, ethylene oxide, arsenic, phosphine, etc. when exposed to body tissues). (Masuda et al., 2011).
The various extracts of the leaves and stem bark of Terminalia catappa have been reported to posses anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic properties (Nagappa et al., 2003). Further studies also reveals an active aphrodisiac properties of this plant by testing on the lipoproteins of Albino rats (Ratnasooriya and Darmasuri, 2000).
The moderate consumption of the seed kernel is useful in the treatment of men with sexual dysfunction primarily premature ejaculation (Ratnasooriya and Darmasuri, 2000). The ethanol extract of the leaves of Terminalia catappa L. (Combretaceae) inhibits osmotically-induced haemolysis of human erythrocytes in a dose-dependent manner (Chen et al., 2000).
Punicalagin (an ellagitannin, a type of phenolic compound which is found in Terminalia catappa and Terminalia myriocarpa) and punicalini from the leaves of T. callappa are used in the treatment of Dermatitis and hepatitis as both have strong antioxidant properties (Mandloi et al., 2013).
1.1 TOXICITY
Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can cause damage to can organism (Matsumura, 2004). The amount of pharmacological substances and chemicals being used in our communities today have increased to almost an innumerable amount (OECD, 2013). These may be presented today in the form or as constituents of food substances, medicines, beverages, other industrial and household product.
However, these chemicals or pharmacological substances may result in chronic toxicity in the living system when used over a long period of time. Acute toxicity may also occur when a large quantities capable of eliciting immediate toxic effects are used. These effects may be severe or mild, depending on the nature of the substances.
Acute toxicity is defined as the unwanted effect that occurs on administration of such substance within 24 hours. The unwanted (adverse) effect is any effect that produces functional impairments in organs and/or biochemical lesions, which could alter the functioning of the organism in general or individual organs (Sperling, 1979).
Studies of acute toxicity however tends to establish the dose dependent unwanted (adverse) effect, which may take place and this includes all information that is important in the acute toxicity including mortality. The assessment of the lethal dose (LD50) (the dose that kills 50% of test animal population) has now been used as a major parameter in measuring acute toxicity.
Apart from mortality, other biological effects and the time of on set, duration and degree of recovery on survived animals are important in acute toxicity evaluation. Acute toxicity study gives information about LD50, therapeutic index and the degree of safety of a pharmacological agent (Akihila, 2007).
1.2 MEDICINAL PLANTS
A medicinal plant is any plant whose parts (i.e root, leaves, fruits stembark) organs contains substance that can be used for therapeutic purposes or as precursor for the synthesis of useful drugs. The plant that posseses therapeutic properties or exert beneficial pharmacological effect on the animal body are generally designated as “Medicinal plant” (Aliyu, 2006).
Although there are apparent morphological characteristics in the medicinal plants growing with them, yet they possess some special qualities or virtues that make them medicinally important. It is now been established that plants which naturally synthesize and accumulate some secondary metabolites like alkaloids, tannin, saponins, glycosides, volatile oil (containing minerals and vitamins) possess medicinal value (Grosvenor et al., 2002).
Medicinal plant constitute an important natural wealth of a country. They play a significant role in providing primary health care services to rural people. They serve as therapeutic agents as well as important raw materials for the manufacture of traditional and modern medicine. Substantial amount of foreign exchange can be earned by exporting medicinal plant to other countries (Sofowora, 1993).
The practice of traditional medicinal is a worldwide custom that has preoccupied mankind in most civilized countries. In Nigeria, both herbal and orthodox medicines are practiced. However, the conventionally trained medical doctors are contemplating the former despite the fact that traditional approach to health care delivery system is popularly practiced and inspite of the availability of medicinal herbals in our local market, there are very few if any in government health centers.
Thus, it is believed that there are problems due to lack of adequate information of the subject, the crudity of the medicinal plants and the technique involved in the traditional medicine (Aliyu, 2006).
A number of plants have been used in traditional medicine for many years, some of which have therapeutic properties and constituents established scientifically and others yet to be subjected to a thorough scientific investigation. A common problem with use of crude plant extract in ethnomedicine is the lack of toxicological evaluation of such plant (Aliyu, 2006).
The wide spread use of plant as medicaments is well documented. It has been reported that over 80% of the global population use plants as their primary source of medications (Usman et al., 2007). This practice is common in northern Nigeria where a variety of plant species are used in the treatment and management of diseases often without proper scientific documentation. One of such plant that is used by many localities is Terminalia catappa (Ankrah, 2003).
1.3 JUSTIFICATION
The leaves of Terminalia catappa have been used traditionally in the management of diarrhea, typhoid, liver diseases and so many other ailments in Nigeria and other countries of the world. This made it necessary to evaluate; the bioactive compounds/secondary metabolites present in the leaves of this plant, its acute toxicity and activities against some selected microbes.
1.4 AIMS AND OBJECTIVE
To determine the phytochemicals present in the leaves of tropical almond (Terminalia catappa).
To evaluate the acute toxicity of the methanol leaf extract of tropical almond (Terminalia catappa) on albino rats.
To carry out the anti-microbial activity screening of the methanol leaf extract of Terminalia catappa.
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