Download complete project materials Assessment of The Effects of Waste Disposal on The Health of The Internally Displaced Persons, At Dalori Camp Of Maiduguri from chapter one to five
CHAPTER ONE
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INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Human activities (anthropogenic) on the surface of the earth had a tremendous impact on world population with technological advancement are on the increase, and the incensing rate of population growth and the human activities   particularly commerce, agriculture and industrial. Environmental problem have become a major source of concern to the nations of the world.
The resulting effects of mans activities on the earth’s surface are so devastating to the global ecosystem and man is very much at the receiving end of the consequences. The human society today are faced with so many environmental problem, prominent among which is pollution – release of unclean or impure elements into environmental (Richard, 1995). According to Richard (1995), pollution result from human activities and affect the quality of air, water and land.
This however focuses on solid waste, a major from of land pollution. Solid wastes are generated from homes, commercial areas like market and from establishment constitute a health hazard to man if not properly disposed (Abubakar, 2006). Solid waste is a major form of land pollution (Richard, 1995) and billions of tones of waste are generated annually on the global level.
According to the Basel conversation, an estimated 338 million tons of waste were generated in 2001, in the same year, organization for economic cooperation and development (OECD) estimated 4 million from its member’s country (Wikipedia) 2009.
Solid waste can take the form of used tires, can, scrap metal garbage, human faces and animal dung etc. Most of these wastes end up littering roadside and floating in streams and rivers.
While some end up in open dumps located within residential areas. These dump provided grounds for diseases and vectors such as rats, flies, cockroaches and mosquitoes are breed (Suresh 2007).
Solid wastes deposals is a universal problem, and is much more serious in the developing country such as Nigeria, were the rate of urbanization is very high. Most town and cities in developing countries lack planning and basic facilities for waste management ironically.
Most of this town and cities are in total mess as they are polluted by all sorts of solid waste ranging from human faces, garbage, rubbish and trash, these destroys the aesthetic quality of the eminent expose man to so many health hazard. Another problem of solid waste disposal in the develop countries is rooted in the content of the waste, most of the generated waste are mixture of both biodegradable and non biodegradable waste which pose the greatest of disposal (Oyalayo, 2000).
The problem of solid waste management in Nigeria, according to Oyalayo, (2000) is rooted in development. He asserted that, with present level of development in the country urban centers are bound to be threatened by population congestion, unsanitary environment as well as environmental hazard’s resulting from unprecedented rate of urbanization and industrialization.
He noted also that, urban centers are both of population concentration as well as environmental problem. He therefore, observed that there is direct relationship between population growth and environmental problems. And he explain that population growth in the urban center’s is proportional to environmental problems. Reversing the ugly trend requires the concentrated effort of both the governments, non-governmental organization, (NGOs) and the public.
It is quite obvious that the problem of solid wastes disposal and pollution in most Nigerian towns and cities has come to stay and requires urgent attention in order not to jeopardize the quality and sanity of the urban environment.
Ultimately how the environment is managed has a direct bearing on the quality of life of every living being (Lawrence et al, 2004) a poor, degenerated and polluted environment is bound to do irreparable damage to human existence and could make the earth uninhabitable to man if measures are not taken to bring the whole situation under control.
Therefore, maintaining a cleaner environment especially in the urban centers where more than 60 percent of world’s population lives should not be considered a thing of luxury but of necessity. The greatest obstacle of effective management of solid waste in most town and cities in developing countries particularly Nigeria, is lack of waste management facilities and record of waste generated and disposal activities.
Consequently, the quality of the urban environment is fast deteriorating and thus, posing a serious health hazard to man, of which many people remain ignorant. For this very reason, this study is focused on study the effects of waste disposal on human in Internally Displaced Persons Camp (IDP) in Maiduguri municipal area of Borno state as they can be greatly reduced by good operational practice, storage methods, and enforcement of personal hygiene.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
It has been observed that the indiscriminate dumping of solid waste by the IDPs in the camps in Maiduguri Borno state this practice is done out of ignorant to their health implementations in living in such a deplorable environmental condition or at least have little or no option to choose form. Unfortunately, many of the IDPs are being expose to  many health risk which could have been easily prevented if they are well inform of the consequences of their actions.
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The following questions would be used as a guide in this study:
What type of waste is generated in the IDP camp?
What type of disposal method and facility is available in the camp?
What are the health challenges in the IDP camp?
What suggestions and recommendations will improve the health status of the IDPs and their environment?
1.4Â AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The aim of the study is to examine the effect of solid waste on the health of IDPs camp in Maiduguri Borno state, this is going to be achieved through the following objectives.
To identify and categorized the type of solid waste generated in the IDP camp.
To examine solid waste disposal methods practiced in the study area.
To determine the health impacts of waste on the IDPs.
Suggest feasible solutions and recommend better waste management practices.
SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This study emphasizes on solid waste disposal and its health implications on the IPDs in the camp, of Maiduguri Borno state. The camp is located within Maiduguri metropolis, in an area called Dalori.
This study is limited to the use of primary data, which was generated from the administration of questionnaires, which focused on waste management practices in the study area. Due to time constraints, data was collected once in November 2016.
1.6 THE STUDY AREA
The study area is an IDP camp located in the metropolis within Maiduguri, Borno state. It has an estimated population of about 15,529 persons, from various parts of the state.
1.6.1 Geographical Location
Borno state is lies within latitude 10°N and 14°N and longitude 11° 3’E and 14° 45′ E. Borno state covers a total area of 61,435km2, sharing borders with Republic of Niger to the North, Republic of Chad to the Northeast, and Cameron Republic to the East. It also shares border with Adamawa state to the South, Gombe state to the Southwest and Yobe to the West.
1.6.2 Climatic Data
The general climate of Maiduguri, is hot and dry for the greater part of the year. The period of wet season varies due to the influence of various climatic factors such as the direction of rain-bearing wind and topography. The rainy season is normally from June through September, Â with relative humidity of about 49%.
The temperature ranges from 13°C to 25°C in October through February, while from March to May temperature is between 35°C to 39°C. Between May and June that is before rainy season, it rises to 450C (FRN, 2000). Daura (2000) equally noted that daily average temperature is high throughout ranging from 25°C to 45°C throughout the year, where lower temperature is recorded in January and higher in April.
The rainfall in Maiduguri generally shows partial and temporal variability and has been characterized by single maxima, with a peak around August.
1.6.3 Vegetation
The vegetation in Borno state has three seasons and have been identified as the cool dry (harmattan) season (October-March), hot dry season (April-June) and rainy season (July-September). Temperatures are high all the year round, with hot season temperatures ranging between 39°C and 40°C under the shade. In the southern part of the state, the weather is relatively mild.
The rainy season lasts for less than eighty days in the extreme north, but is as high as 140days in the extreme south. The mean annual rainfall is over 800mm on the Biu Plateau but less than 500mm the extreme north around Lake Chad. Rainfall variability is over 100 per cent.
Droughts are endemic and rainfall tends to have been in decline since the 1960s (Department of Meteorological Services, 1992). Relative humidity is generally low throughout the state, ranging from as low as 13 per cent in the driest months of February and March to the highest values of seventy to eighty per cent in the rainy season months of July and August.
Two vegetation zones are identified in the state: Sudan savannah and southern Sahel. The semiarid nature of the Sahel and northern Sudan savannah makes the vegetation consist mainly of open acacia tree savannah.
In the wetter south scrub vegetation is interspersed with tall trees and woodland. Vegetation has been greatly modified in most places as a result of over-cultivation and over-grazing. Land degradation and desertification have been on the increase, causing the desert to advance southwards.
1.6.4 Topography
The topography of Maiduguri is made up undulating plain of the Chad formation that’s lies at a mean level 320m above the sea level with gradual sloping towards the Lake Chad at 283m above the sea level. Equally, the land form can be classified as plain and ridges.
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